Abstract
With the development of microgrids (MGs), interconnected operation of multiple MGs is becoming a promising strategy for the smart grid. In this paper, a privacy-preserving distributed optimal scheduling method is proposed for the interconnected microgrids (IMG) with a battery energy storage system (BESS) and renewable energy resources (RESs). The optimal scheduling problem is modeled to minimize the coalitional operation cost of the IMG, including the fuel cost of conventional distributed generators and the life loss cost of BESSs. By using the framework of the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM), a distributed optimal scheduling model and an iteration solution algorithm for the IMG is introduced; only the expected exchanging power (EEP) of each MG is required during the iterations. Furthermore, a privacy-preserving strategy for the sharing of the EEP among MGs is designed to work with the mechanism of the distributed algorithm. According to the security analysis, the EEP can be delivered in a cooperative and privacy-preserving way. A case study and numerical results are given in terms of the convergence of the algorithm, the comparison of the costs and the implementation efficiency.
Highlights
Microgrids (MGs) are self-controlled entities, which facilitate the penetration of renewable energy and distributed energy resources (DERs) for economic and reliability purposes
The main contributions of the paper are as follows: (1) based on the relationship between charging-discharging features and the battery life cost, the cost model of battery energy storage system (BESS) is formulated as a quadratic polynomial; (2) by using the framework of the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM), a distributed optimal scheduling model and iterative algorithm is proposed; (3) based on the multi-party computation cryptosystem, a privacy-preserving strategy to protect the sharing of expected exchanging power (EEP) between MGs is designed to work with the iterative algorithm
As for the constraints, (10) is set to keep the power balance of MG; (11) ensures that the output power of Diesel generation (DG) is in the range of rated capacity; (12) is used to limit the output power of the BESS, according to the fact that the charging/discharging power should not exceed the maximum power of the bi-directional inverter; (13) sets the maximum and minimum state of charge (SOC) of BESS in operation
Summary
Microgrids (MGs) are self-controlled entities, which facilitate the penetration of renewable energy and distributed energy resources (DERs) for economic and reliability purposes. One promising application of interconnected MGs (IMG) is for the service restoration in a self-healing distribution system to improve the dynamic performance when islanding occurs and to extend the power supply during the system outages [3,4] Another important application is to ensure the full utilization of renewable energy resources (RESs) and improve the economic benefit and reliability in isolated areas [5]. The main contributions of the paper are as follows: (1) based on the relationship between charging-discharging features and the battery life cost, the cost model of BESS is formulated as a quadratic polynomial; (2) by using the framework of the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM), a distributed optimal scheduling model and iterative algorithm is proposed; (3) based on the multi-party computation cryptosystem, a privacy-preserving strategy to protect the sharing of expected exchanging power (EEP) between MGs is designed to work with the iterative algorithm
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