Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous γ-herpesvirus with latent and lytic cycles. EBV replicates in the stratified epithelium but the nasopharynx is also composed of pseudostratified epithelium with distinct cell types. Latent infection is associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Here, we show with nasopharyngeal conditionally reprogrammed cells cultured at the air-liquid interface that pseudostratified epithelial cells are susceptible to EBV infection. Donors varied in susceptibility to de novo EBV infection, but susceptible cultures also displayed differences with respect to pathogenesis. The cultures from one donor yielded lytic infection but cells from two other donors were positive for EBV-encoded EBERs and negative for other lytic infection markers. All cultures stained positive for the pseudostratified markers CK7, MUC5AC, α-tubulin in cilia, and the EBV epithelial cell receptor Ephrin receptor A2. To define EBV transcriptional programs by cell type and to elucidate latent/lytic infection-differential changes, we performed single cell RNA-sequencing on one EBV-infected culture that resulted in alignment with many EBV transcripts. EBV transcripts represented a small portion of the total transcriptome (~0.17%). All cell types in the pseudostratified epithelium had detectable EBV transcripts with suprabasal cells showing the highest number of reads aligning to many EBV genes. Several restriction factors (IRF1, MX1, STAT1, C18orf25) known to limit lytic infection were expressed at lower levels in the lytic subcluster. A third of the differentially-expressed genes in NPC tumors compared to an uninfected pseudostratified ALI culture overlapped with the differentially-expressed genes in the latent subcluster. A third of these commonly perturbed genes were specific to EBV infection and changed in the same direction. Collectively, these findings suggest that the pseudostratified epithelium could harbor EBV infection and that the pseudostratified infection model mirrors many of the transcriptional changes imposed by EBV infection in NPC.
Highlights
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human tumor virus from the γ-herpesvirus family [1]
Despite many advances from studies in 2-dimensional cell culture, many aspects of EBV molecular pathogenesis in the nasopharynx remain undefined because the cell types and the biology of the nasopharyngeal epithelium can only be faithfully captured in 3-dimensional cell culture
While the oral epithelium is a site of EBV replication, whether the nasopharyngeal epithelium is a major source of EBV shedding in the nasopharynx is not well defined
Summary
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human tumor virus from the γ-herpesvirus family [1]. Infection is chronic and mostly asymptomatic but in a subset of individuals, latent infection is associated with different types of B-cell lymphomas and epithelial carcinomas such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) [1]. Conventional 2-D cell culture is used to study EBV latent infection in epithelial cells but it does not reproduce all the cell types of the nasopharyngeal epithelium or capture many aspects of the differentiated biology [3,9]. EBV-infected cell lines in 2-D culture can be refractory to reactivation even when treated with chemical inducers [3,10]. Both latent and lytic infection are thought to encourage the carriage and spread of EBV in the nasopharynx, which presumably would predispose cells to neoplasia by being exposed to EBV infection [2]
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