Abstract
Urbanization is changing land use–land cover (LULC) transforming green spaces (GS) and bodies of water into built-up areas. LULC change is affecting ecosystem services (ES) in urban areas, such as by decreasing of the water retention capacity, the urban temperature regulation capacity and the carbon sequestration. The relation between LULC change and ES is still poorly examined and quantified using actual field data. In most ES studies, GS is perceived as lumped areas instead of distributed areas, implicitly ignoring landscape patterns (LP), such as connectivity and aggregation. This preliminary study is one of the first to provide quantitative evidence of the influence of landscape pattern changes on a selection of urban ecosystem services in a megacity as Jakarta, Indonesia. The impact of urbanization on the spatiotemporal changes of ES has been identified by considering connectivity and aggregation of GS. It reveals that LP changes have significantly decreased carbon sequestration, temperature regulation, and runoff regulation by 10.4, 12.4, and 11.5%, respectively. This indicates that the impact of GS on ES is not only determined by its area, but also by its LP. Further detailed studies will be needed to validate these results.
Highlights
Published: 21 February 2021The urban population had increased to 3.9 billion (54% of the total population) by 2014 and will increase to around 6.3 billion (67% of the total population) by 2050 [1]
The present study shows that the landscape pattern changes in the period 1995–2014 have a significant impact on urban ecosystem services (ES) in Jakarta
The impact of the landscape pattern changes on a decrease of ES is higher compared to the area-based calculation in which the average decrease of the carbon sequestration is 55%, followed by the temperature regulation (44%) and the runoff regulation (41%)
Summary
Published: 21 February 2021The urban population had increased to 3.9 billion (54% of the total population) by 2014 and will increase to around 6.3 billion (67% of the total population) by 2050 [1]. Population increase drives land use–land cover (LULC) change transforming green spaces as well as bodies of water into built-up areas resulting in decrease and loss of ecosystem services (ES) in urban areas [2,3,4,5]. Ecosystem services are the varied benefits to humans from the natural environment and healthy ecosystems. They can be categorized as provisioning services, regulating services, cultural services, and supporting services [6]. Ecosystem services in urban areas include air quality improvement, noise reduction, controlling air temperature, carbon storage and sequestration, water regulation, and recreation [7,8,9,10,11,12,13] and enhance citizens well-being [14,15]
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