Abstract
Considering smartphone-based indoor localization and tracking, combination of Wi-Fi fingerprinting and pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) becomes prevalent due to wide deployment of indoor Wi-Fi access points and easily access of inertial measurement units (IMUs) on smartphones. Since Wi-Fi fingerprinting depends on the similarities between online and offline received signal strengths, it suffers from the fluctuation of radio signal measurements. Meanwhile, the PDR relies on the IMUs, which undergo accumulated errors in long walking distance. In this paper, we aim to improve the indoor tracking accuracy, while filling up the gap between two popular Android and iOS platforms. In particular, we propose a hybrid tracking algorithm that integrates the PDR with Wi-Fi/iBeacon signal features. There are three key points in our paper. First, we process Wi-Fi/iBeacon signals to build conversion functions to convert signals to related proximity distances. Besides, in order to support mobile tracking, we introduce a placement methodology for iBeacon installation for a specific region of interest. Second, a mobile smartphone uses an improved PDR to localize itself, while incorporating Wi-Fi/iBeacon data for estimating a starting point and correcting its location along the walking path. Finally, we build an iOS app to implement the proposed scheme and display visual tracking results. Experiment results show that our proposed scheme is more robust and accurate compared to the conventional schemes.
Highlights
The development of emerging indoor localization technologies has enabled plenty of applications such as tracking, navigation and pinpointing user’s location in real time
We present some literature on Wi-Fi infrastructure and typical rules on radio map construction to enable a ubiquitous fingerprint-based solution for practical applications
Regarding Bluetooth low energy (BLE) beacon capability, we describe iBeacon protocols and how to implement a beacon by an application running on a mobile device
Summary
The development of emerging indoor localization technologies has enabled plenty of applications such as tracking, navigation and pinpointing user’s location in real time. Global positioning system (GPS) available on smartphones is able to determine user location in real time regardless of whether or not it is connected the Internet. It drains smartphone battery life quickly due to the signaling and computing processes with. The GPS does not work well in indoor environments because the satellite signals become too weak when they penetrate through indoor building materials. In order to provide accurate locations for indoor users, it requires to develop new indoor localization technologies which reflect user behavior in buildings, while supporting mobile computing and energy-aware localization
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