Abstract
Implicature is commonly defined as the dissimilarity between what is said and what is meant. The variance lies between the conspicuous meaning of written and spoken words and the meaning that lies beneath what is said. This study aims at analyzing and discussing Shakespeare's Hamlet and Twelfth Night in terms of generalized and particularized conversational and conventional implicature. The model used in the analysis is coined from a variety of pragmatic theories, implicature, Grice's maxims, irony, indirect speech acts, context, and hedges. It is hypothesized that the number of implicature cases in Twelfth Night is bigger than that in Hamlet, generation of implicatures by the characters in the two plays is highly determined by social factors, Hamlet and Cesario use implicature more than other characters, the most used implicature is the particularized one, the purpose of using implicatures differs in the plays, implicature is generated from flouting Grice's maxims and most implicatures are made by violating the relation maxim. The study concludes that the implications in Hamlet are more than those in Twelfth Night, that Shakespeare uses two implicatures generalized and particularized, and that Implicature in Hamlet and Twelfth Night is generated mostly by violating the maxims of quality. As for the least flouted maxim in the two plays is the maxim of quantity.
Highlights
1.1 Introduce the ProblemImplicature is the act of saying one thing while meaning another
This study addresses the following questions: 1- What are the ways of representing implicatures in Shakespeare's Hamlet and Twelfth Night?
By analyzing Shakespeare's Hamlet and Twelfth Night, the following conclusions are arrived at: 1- Implicature is mainly generated by violating Grice's maxims. 2- Most of the cases of implicatures are made by violating the maxim of quality in the two plays
Summary
Implicature is the act of saying one thing while meaning another. It is used for communication in situations where there is a difference between what is said and what is meant. The understanding of implied expressions depends on the reader's cognition of what is said, the common background knowledge of language and society that both the speaker and the reader share, and context. Context is an essential element for detecting the implicit meaning. Communication is a process of cooperation to which Grice postulates the cooperative principle. Grice's cooperative principle indicates that all the participants in any communicative act must be cooperative. Grice represents four maxims to support his principle. Any sort of flouting to these maxims results in producing implicatures
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