Abstract
This study proposes a novel power-efficient and anti-fading clustering based on a cross-layer that is specific to the time-varying fading characteristics of channels in the monitoring of coal mine faces with wireless sensor networks. The number of active sensor nodes and a sliding window are set up such that the optimal number of cluster heads (CHs) is selected in each round. Based on a stable expected number of CHs, we explore the channel efficiency between nodes and the base station by using a probe frame and the joint surplus energy in assessing the CH selection. Moreover, the sending power of a node in different periods is regulated by the signal fade margin method. The simulation results demonstrate that compared with several common algorithms, the power-efficient and fading-aware clustering with a cross-layer (PEAFC-CL) protocol features a stable network topology and adaptability under signal time-varying fading, which effectively prolongs the lifetime of the network and reduces network packet loss, thus making it more applicable to the complex and variable environment characteristic of a coal mine face.
Highlights
As a dynamic and intricate operation, coal mining requires a multifaceted continuous stream of information from the surface to underground and vice versa
To adapt to the influence of environmental changes on the network, MAC layer and PHY layer, this paper proposes power-efficient and fading-aware clustering with a cross-layer (PEAFC-CL) based on the traditional clustering algorithm and performs anti-fading power control over it through power compensation to make it applicable to channel fading characteristics at a coal mine face, reducing the energy consumption and improving the network data transmission ability
120m In Equation (1), L Eh refers to the horizontal polarization loss in the electromagnetic wave roadway space, Lrc refers to the fading loss caused by the roadway wall roughness, Ltc refers to the fading loss caused by the roadway wall inclination, Lh is the fading loss of the three machines’ metal conductor structure on the electromagnetic wave interference, and Ls is the influence of the mechanical noise of the three machines on the wireless signal’s signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
Summary
As a dynamic and intricate operation, coal mining requires a multifaceted continuous stream of information from the surface to underground and vice versa. Relevant research has shown that a spatial change in the coal mine face, electrical equipment and movement of equipment and operators influence CMFM-WSN considerably, typically in terms of severe electromagnetic wave transmission fluctuations, strong noise interference, shadow fading and link interruption These issues cause changes in the data parameters of the physical layer (e.g., RSSI, SNR) and influence the network layer and data link layer. To adapt to the influence of environmental changes on the network, MAC layer and PHY layer, this paper proposes power-efficient and fading-aware clustering with a cross-layer (PEAFC-CL) based on the traditional clustering algorithm and performs anti-fading power control over it through power compensation to make it applicable to channel fading characteristics at a coal mine face, reducing the energy consumption and improving the network data transmission ability.
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