Abstract
Grape pomace and grapeseed are agro-industrial by-products, whose inadequate treatment generates socioeconomic and environmental concerns. Nevertheless, it is possible to valorize them by extracting their bioactive compounds, such as antioxidants (phenolic compounds), vitamin E and fatty acids. The bioactive compounds were extracted using solid-liquid extraction. The yields for phenolic compounds were 18.4 ± 0.4% for grape pomace, and 17.4 ± 0.4%, for grapeseed. For the oil, the yields were 13.3 ± 0.2% and 14.5 ± 0.3% for grape pomace and grapeseed. Antioxidant capacity was assessed by the assay with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and showed that phenolic extract has higher antioxidant capacity than the oils. Grape pomace and grapeseed extracts exhibit, correspondingly, values of 90.8 ± 0.8 and 87.5 ± 0.5 of DPPH inhibition and IC50 of 48.9 ± 0.5 and 55.9 ± 0.7 μgextract·mLDPPH−1. The antimicrobial capacity was assessed by the disk diffusion test, and revealed that, phenolic extracts inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The obtained extracts were incorporated in 10 face cream formulations, with slight modifications in quantities of formulation stabilizers. Their stability was studied for 35 days, and this revealed the possibility of incorporating extracts and oils obtained from by-products as antioxidants in cosmetics, and replacing synthetic ones. As a future recommendation, microencapsulation of the extracts should be performed, in order to increase their stability.
Highlights
Published: 31 January 2022The agro-food industry has grown exponentially over the past years due to an increased need to satisfy customer needs
Phenolic compounds are relatively polar compounds; alcoholic solvents are favored for their extraction
The results show that both extracts can have similar composition, and that they may be exploitable as antibacterial agents in cosmetics
Summary
The agro-food industry has grown exponentially over the past years due to an increased need to satisfy customer needs. The main objective of this industry is to transform raw materials into food goods to facilitate consumption, making them safer at the same time. The rise in food production is one of the causes for the high amount of agro-industrial waste and by-products—such as pomace, peels, and seeds—generated [1]. The incorrect disposal and treatment of these residues have impacted the social, economic, and environmental levels. At the environmental level, these residues contribute to an increase in the emission of gases with greenhouse effect [2]. The greater awareness of the population towards this problem created the concern in giving a new life to these residues and by-products from different sectors [3]. The majority of by-products are rich in bioactive compounds (BAC), for example, phenolic
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