A possible role for D8/PSF-A-like sequences in lactotroph versus somatotroph expression of the human prolactin gene

Abstract

The transcription factor GHF-1/Pit-1 is essential for the expression of GH and prolactin (PRL) by somatotrophs and lactotrophs respectively. However, PRL is not expressed in mature somatotrophs despite the presence of GHF-1/Pit-1. A possible mechanism is the presence of a somatotroph-specific repressor in the 5'-flanking sequences of the PRL gene. The region -3500/-1750 of the human (h) PRL gene is associated with negative regulatory activity and contains an element, designated D8, that resembles repressor PSF-A sequences which are located in the distal upstream region of placental members of the human GH family. An internal deletion of D8 sequences resulted in a significant stimulation of promoter activity in somatotroph GC (P < 0.005) and somatolactotroph-like GH3 and GH4C1 cells (P < 0.05), but not lactotroph-like 235-1 cells after gene transfer. However, D8 binding was observed by nuclease protection with lactotroph- as well as somatotroph-like cell nuclear protein. Although proteins that bind to the D8 element appear ubiquitous, this element does yield tissue-specific complexes in mobility shift assays. Further, competition studies do not suggest an interaction between GHF-1/Pit-1 and D8 proteins. The hPRL D8 element was inserted upstream of a thymidine kinase promoter and used to transfect pituitary and non-pituitary HeLa cells, to assess intrinsic repressor activity and/or promoter specificity. Although no repression was observed, a significant ninefold increase in expression was observed in HeLa cells (P < 0.001) which was at least twofold greater than observed in any of the pituitary cell lines tested. These results implicate D8 in the somatotroph-specific repression of hPRL; however, they also suggest that D8 can act as a stimulator as well as a repressor, depending on the interaction of a ubiquitous D8 factor forming promoter and cell-specific complexes with other elements/factors.