Abstract
This study aims at investigating a possible pathway of cytotoxicological status of the diterpenoid essential oil, phytol (PYL). For this brine shrimp lethality bioassay (BSLB) and hemolysis (HL) test systems were selected. In the BSLB, PYL either alone or co-treated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), potassium di-chromate (K2Cr2O7; KD), copper sulphate (CuSO4.5H2O; CS) and 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox, TRO) as membrane lyser, strong oxidizer, oxidizer-cytogenotoxicant and antioxidative-cell-protestant, respectively. The HL was carried out in rat erythrocytes (RBCs) taking TRO as a standard. In addition, to view a time-dependent cytotoxic activity of PYL, the mortality of the shrimps was counted at 24 and 48 h. Results suggest PYL is non-cytotoxic at low (40-160 µM) but toxic at high concentration (2-8 mM) to the shrimps and RBCs. An increased cytotoxicity was observed for 24 h to 48 h in brine shrimps. In both cases groups co-treated with cytotoxicants/protestant suggest that PYL is cytoprotective in the presence of oxidizer. The cytoprotectivityof PYL may be connected to its antioxidant potential and cytotoxicity for antioxidant-mediated pro-oxidative effects. In conclusion, PYL is cytoprotective at low concentration but toxic at high, activities found, however, may be linked to the radical scavenging pathway
Highlights
Phytol (3, 7, 11, 15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-ol, PYL) is the diterpenoid with evident antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and weak mutagenic effects [1]
To test the inhibition of HL induced by H2O2, blood was collected from the retro-orbital plexus of anesthetized Wistar rats, and the red blood corpuscles (RBC) were
*indicates test concentration 40-160 μM; non-star indicates treatment with 80 μM; PYL: phytol; ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA): ethylene-di-amine tetraacetate; potassium di-chromate (KD): potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7); CS: copper sulphate (Cu2SO4.5H2O); TRO: 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2carboxylic acid (Trolox); NC: negative control (0.05% tween-80 dissolved in 0.9% NaCl solution) values are mean ± standard deviation (SD); LC50: concentration produced 50% lethality; CI: confidence interval (95% confidence levels); R2: coefficient of determination
Summary
Phytol (3, 7, 11, 15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-ol, PYL) is the diterpenoid with evident antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and weak mutagenic effects [1]. A substance with such type of activities may Keywords Brine Shrimp; Cytotoprotective; Oxidative Stress; Phytol; Toxicity. The diterpenic EOs are wellknown for such type of activities. They often have no specific cellular targets may be due to their high hydrophobicity leading to readily permeable of the cell membranes [3]. The brine shrimp lethality bioassay (BSLB) is a popular test system for a wide variety of synthetic, semi-synthetic, and natural substances from inorganic and organic origins due to its rapidity, reliability, economy, simplicity, convenience, and applicability [4,5]. Arthropods, the live nauplii (shrimps) are the test system in this purpose. Live naupli of 24-48 h aged are considered for the better susceptible to the test substances. The percentage lethality is determined by comparing the mean-surviving larvae of tested and control marked samples
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