Abstract
Waveguide based optofluidic resonator features high precision and high sensitivity in real-time fluorescent analysis. We present a novel optofluidic resonator following the hollow-core metal-cladding waveguide structure, which is then used to record the real-time binding process of Fe2+ and Fe3+ with protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) in PBS solution, respectively. The central fluorescent wavelength of compound with Fe2+ is in good accordance with that of the normal hemoglobin, whilst the peaks of the Fe3+ compound match the hemoglobin specimen from sickle-cell disease (SCD) patients. Similar statement holds when we monitor the real-time oxidation processes of these products by injecting oxygen into the optofluidic chip. These observations lead to the speculation that the SCD is caused by replacing the Fe2+ in hemoglobin with Fe3+, which may be insightful in the discovery of new clinical routes to cure this disease.
Highlights
Sickle cell disease (SCD) occurs when the mutant sickle hemoglobin (Hb S) differs from the normal hemoglobin A by a single amino acid[1,2,3,4,5]
The optofluidic resonator we used in this paper adopts the basic design of the symmetrical metal cladding optical waveguide structure[20], where a fluidic chamber is inserted in the guiding layer
The Protoporphyrin, Hemoglobin and Sickle Hemoglobin provided by Ruijin Hospital (Informed consent was obtained from all subjects) are injected into the optofluidic resonator for fluorescent detection, and the concentrations of these samples are 10−9 g/ml
Summary
The investigations on SCD are urgent and of significant importance to reduce the children mortality in low resource area. This paper adopts a high sensitivity optofluidic resonator based on a metallic cladding waveguide structure. The enhanced fluorescent effect enables the usage of specimen of very low concentration, while real time detection is available due to the short switching time. The reactions of Protoporphyrin IX with Fe2+ and Fe3+ are studied in details, while the dynamic oxidation processes of their products are researched. Comparison experiments are carried out via bio-specimen provided by hospital, and a possible hypothesis on the pathogenetic factor of SCD is proposed, that the heme in the blood of normal person is replaced by the Metheme in the blood of SCD patients. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.
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