A portable smartphone-based hemoglobin point-of-care testing platform for accurate anemia diagnostics

Abstract

Anemia affects over 2 billion people worldwide, with the heaviest burden borne by women and children. At present, anemia is diagnosed by measuring hemoglobin (Hb) levels, which must be done in hospitals or commercial laboratories by skilled operators. In this work, we report a portable, affordable ($3), easy-to-operate (1 min) and accurate smartphone-based Hb analyzer (SHbA) that uses a drop of finger-pricked blood for anemia point-of-care test (POCT) applications. POCT of Hb was achieved using a smartphone ambient light sensor (ALS) to accurately measure the absorbance of colorimetric Hb biochemical analysis reagents in a microcuvette, as well as an Android-based application for results analysis. SHbA validation results agreed well with those reported by a hematology analyzer, and the SHbA has an anemia diagnosis sensitivity of 95.4% and specificity of 96.3% for venous blood (n = 360) and a sensitivity of 96.39% and specificity of 95.58% for fingertip blood (n = 475). In addition, SHbA exhibits excellent performance in the diagnosis and treatment guidance of anemia high-risk populations, including tumor chemotherapy patients (n = 424), pregnant women (n = 214) and thalassemia patients (n = 208). Importantly, volunteer self-testing results (n = 20) indicate that SHbA can be used for home-based anemia diagnosis and monitoring. SHbA has the advantages of high sensitivity and specificity while being cheap and easy to operate, making it widely applicable for the diagnosis and treatment of anemia, especially for high-risk patients in areas with poor medical resources.