A portable Ru-decorated cobalt phosphide on graphitic carbon nitride sensor: An effective electrochemical evaluation method for vitamin B2 in the environment and biological samples

Abstract

With the significant importance of riboflavin (RF) in food, biological, and pharmaceutical areas, precisely determining its level is critical for regulating health and nutrition, diagnosis/treatment of related diseases, pharmacological research, and food/drug quality monitoring. Thus, the sensitive and accurate determination of RF is necessary. Herein, we construct facile and low-cost ruthenium (Ru) doped cobalt phosphide (R-CoP) embedded graphitic carbon nitride as an electrode modifier via a two-step synthesis method. By the virtue of its unique physiochemical properties such as high active surface area (69.43 m2/g) compares to similar electrocatalyst and high electron transfer kinetics with low charge transfer resistance (Rct = 367.89 Ω), it has been successfully employed in the electrochemical evaluation of RF. In this regard, it has been effectively employed in the electrochemical evaluation of RF through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and amperometric (i − t) techniques. The proposed R-CoP/GCN/GCE sensor shows exquisite electrochemical characteristics including a wide linear range (0.062 – 3468.75 μM), Nanomolar detection limit (1.09 nM), and encouraging sensitivity (1.277 µA µM−1 cm−2). Moreover, it also exemplifies exquisite selectivity, repeatability, reproducibility, and storage stability therefore it has been employed in the practical feasibility analysis in various real samples which shows excellent recovery results. On comparing, it exemplifies excellent electrochemical performance than the similar electrocatalyst in the electrochemical sensing of biological compounds in various real samples.