Abstract
A portable IR fiber laser-heating system, optimized for X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) and nuclear inelastic scattering (NIS) spectroscopy with signal collection through the radial opening of diamond anvil cells near 90°with respect to the incident X-ray beam, is presented. The system offers double-sided on-axis heating by a single laser source and zero attenuation of incoming X-rays other than by the high-pressure environment. A description of the system, which has been tested for pressures above 100 GPa and temperatures up to 3000 K, is given. The XES spectra of laser-heated Mg0.67Fe0.33O demonstrate the potential to map the iron spin state in the pressure-temperature range of the Earth's lower mantle, and the NIS spectra of laser-heated FeSi give access to the sound velocity of this candidate of a phase inside the Earth's core. This portable system represents one of the few bridges across the gap between laser heating and high-resolution X-ray spectroscopies with signal collection near 90°.
Highlights
The experimental investigation of structural properties, phase relations, chemical equilibria and transport properties of material of the deep Earth requires pressures and temperatures that are statically achievable only by the combination of diamond anvil cells (DACs) and laser heating (LH) (Ming & Bassett, 1974, 2001; Boehler & Chopelas, 1991; Lin et al, 2005; Prakapenka et al, 2008; Meng et al, 2015)
Samples can be investigated in situ at high pressure and temperature with various X-ray spectroscopic techniques, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and optical spectroscopy (Lin et al, 2004, 2005; Zhao et al, 2004; Murakami et al, 2009; Meng et al, 2015; Prescher et al, 2015; Liu et al, 2019)
Recent years have witnessed an increase of interest in the application of X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) and nuclear inelastic scattering (NIS) to samples inside a DAC, as they
Summary
The experimental investigation of structural properties, phase relations, chemical equilibria and transport properties of material of the deep Earth requires pressures and temperatures that are statically achievable only by the combination of diamond anvil cells (DACs) and laser heating (LH) (Ming & Bassett, 1974, 2001; Boehler & Chopelas, 1991; Lin et al, 2005; Prakapenka et al, 2008; Meng et al, 2015). Versatile near-IR LH system, which is optimized for X-ray spectroscopy applications such as XES and NIS at or near 90 Despite this optimization and portability, the system shares several advantages of common stationary LH systems installed at extreme conditions beamlines (Prakapenka et al, 2008; Meng et al, 2015; Anzellini et al, 2018; Smith et al, 2018): double-sided on-axis heating with specialized refractive objectives, double-sided radiospectrometric temperature measurement, constant control of the probed sample spot and full motorized control of all degrees of freedom. We describe the concept and details of this LH system and show test-case XES and NIS measurements of Mg0.67Fe0.33O and FeSi, respectively, carried out at beamline P01 at PETRA III, DESY
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