Abstract
The detection of pollutant traces in the public and environmental waters is essential for safety of the population. Bisphenol A (BPA) is a toxic chemical widely used for the production of food storage containers by plastic industries to increase the storage ability. However, the insertion of BPA in water medium leads to serious health risks. Therefore, the development of low-cost, practical, sensitive, and selective devices to monitor BPA levels on-site in the environment is highly needed. Herein, for the first time, we present a homemade portable potentiostat device integrated to a laser-scribed graphene (LSG) sensor for BPA detection as a practical environmental pollutant monitoring tool. Recently, there has been an increasing need regarding the development of graphene-based electrochemical transducers (e.g., electrodes) to obtain efficient biosensing platforms. LSG platform is combined with molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) matrix. LSG electrodes were modified with gold nanostructures and PEDOT polymer electrodeposition to create a specific MIP biomimetic receptor for ultrasensitive BPA detection. The sensing device has a Bluetooth connection, wirelessly connected to a smartphone providing high sensitivity and sensitivity (LOD: 3.97 nM in a linear range of .01–10 µM) toward BPA. Two commercial bottled water samples, tap water, commercial milk, and baby formula samples have been used to validate the reliability of the portable sensor device.
Highlights
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-known chemical and main ingredient for various plastic products in industries, such as epoxy resins, polycarbonate (PC), and PVC plastics, as containers of both food and beverages (Safe, 2000; Im et al, 2016; Santonicola et al, 2019)
The communication between the smartphone and KAUSTat is made possible through the Generic Attribute Profile (GATT) Bluetooth protocol
differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) of (D) laser-scribed graphene (LSG)-molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) and (E) LSG-NIP in a solution of 5 mM [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− with 0.1 M KCl performed by KAUSTat showing the oxidation response of bare LSG, AuNPs/LSG, before and after rebinding of 1 μM BPA
Summary
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-known chemical and main ingredient for various plastic products in industries, such as epoxy resins, polycarbonate (PC), and PVC plastics, as containers of both food and beverages (Safe, 2000; Im et al, 2016; Santonicola et al, 2019). MIP-based electrochemical sensors show robustness, high stability, sensitivity, and selectivity due to the specific template fabrication toward the target analyte, providing easy recognition and reusability of the sensing platform (Lahcen et al, 2017). Compared with the previously reported bare polymer matrix on the LSG surface (Beduk et al, 2020), having a gold nanoparticle layer supported by a polymeric matrix serves a highly electroactive role for BPA detection. The practicality of the device allows users to perform on-site detection of BPA in environmental samples with no requirement for sample pretreatment, while the gold combined polymeric matrix provides ultrasensitive BPA detection. The high-quality LSG sensor combined with MIP matrix in gold nanoparticle–polymer matrix provides higher selectivity and sensitivity with an LOD of 3.97 nM, compared with the commercial potentiostat device (LOD: nM). Detection performance of the sensing device has been validated by measuring BPA in commercial water, tap water, milk and baby formula samples, as well as the commercial plastic samples with successful recovery rates
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