Abstract
The control over structure and function in hierarchically multidimensional materials based on hollow spheres, nanowires, nanorods, nanotubes, fibres, membranes or inverse opals with adjustable dimensions has gained considerable attention due to their tremendous potential for a wide variety of applications. Herein we describe convenient and efficient synthetic concepts for synthesis and processing of well-defined polymer-templated inorganic materials with 0D, 1D, 2D and 3D nano- and microstructures. In the first step, we describe universal methodologies for the controlled build-up of polymer-templated non-functional inorganic structures by taking advantage of lower dimensional structures such as core–shell particles or fibres. With this approach it is possible to obtain more sophisticated architectures such as 3D ordered macroporous (3DOM) materials after applying different procedures for organization, e.g. the powerful melt shear technique as well as novel double-templating strategies towards multidimensional carbon architectures. To prove the feasibility of our protocols established herein we have exemplarily applied these methods to the formation of functional inorganic high-temperature materials, such as silicon carbide (β-SiC) and yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ). The general pathways for the controlled build-up of nano- and micro-scaled structures based on polymer templates may thus provide a facile and versatile route to an even wider variety of organic/inorganic composite materials offering a wider range of future applications in the fields of catalysis, separation, sensors, optics, and biomedicine. Herein we show first examples of selected new material morphologies towards energy related issues, namely Li-ion battery applications and heterogeneous catalysis (selective ethanol oxidation).
Highlights
The concept of multifunctionality based on hierarchically ordered materials is a general concept in nature which has spurred intensive research among scientists over the last few decades.[1]
The general pathways for the controlled build-up of nano- and micro-scaled structures based on polymer templates may provide a facile and versatile route to an even wider variety of organic/inorganic composite materials offering a wider range of future applications in the fields of catalysis, separation, sensors, optics, and biomedicine
We have presented efficient synthetic concepts for the synthesis of well-de ned polymer-templated inorganic structures with a hierarchical 0D, 1D, 2D and 3DOM materials (3D) nano/microstructure
Summary
The concept of multifunctionality based on hierarchically ordered materials is a general concept in nature which has spurred intensive research among scientists over the last few decades.[1] Current effort in the elds of nanoscience and nanotechnology for the development of multi-dimensional materials featuring nano-scaled functionalities to mimic these basic concepts from the arti cial side is of growing interest. Such materials and combinations thereof are highly promising candidates in the elds of catalysis, separation, sensors, optics, and biomedicine.[2,3,4,5,6,7,8] As a feasible preparation route, different templating strategies have been applied for controlling the shape and size of the nal materials a er removal of the template structure.[9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17] Especially hard templating is a versatile
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