A Place of Caring: Politics of the HIV Testing Centre in the Red House Square, Taipei

Reproductive and newborn health.

The main areas of worldwide economic interests are becoming more and more interdependent due the process of globalization. Therefore where, how, and how much to produce, in regard to the consumer markets, also become important elements for the processes of planning the networks and regulations for services management. However, at global level, three large economic “Blocs” are being defined, that gradually drive the decisions of the various Countries towards making terrestrial infrastructural connections. For example, Eurasia, is a dynamic “Bloc”. At the same time the economic centre of gravity is getting lower, despite infrastructural efforts concentrated mainly in Central Europe, that are focused towards Eastern Europe. The Mediterranean and Central Africa are involved by strong financial investments from sovereign wealth funds, in particular for the realization of major infrastructures; at this stage, ports and airports and major rail and road axes are the top priorities, that international investors are interested in. Another key element is the connectivity of the networks in the logic of the major transport corridors to operate within the logic of the overall development. The reduction of the accessibility of territories and of the connectivity of networks in a global process is one of the handicaps suffered by businesses, regarding both demand and offer. The reduction of accessibility, in the past two decades, has been one of the causes of the Italian decline. There is nothing good in the reduction of traffic, and considering unnecessary the service transport policy and the infrastructures adequate and even redundant. This is the idea of sustainable decline. The first idealization of the concept of “smart city” dates back to the beginning of the new millennium and is coined by William Mitchell, an America scholar who also coined the term “e-topia” to indicate the ideal city, a place that is able to make life easier and more attractive. The ability to move easily within urban areas, quickly and with a low environmental impact, is considered a key factor for the quality of life in all modern metropolitan areas. Sustainability is uniquely considered the most innovative aspect, because the environmental impact and fears related to climate change and the progressive depletion of natural resources are considered a priority at all levels. In many manufacturing and commercial SMEs (Small-Medium Enterprises), planning activities in manufacturing and logistics, warehouse management, inventory and transportation management are not adequately supported by advanced computer systems. Similarly, the transport and logistics companies show considerable resistance in investment for Information Technology, a prerequisite for the development of logistics outsourcing and advanced value-added services. “A scientific development needs two “R”, Rigour that can be given by mathematical methods, and Relevance, because problems must be real. Rigour without Relevance only leads to sterile models, however refined from some point of views, but useless to understand situations” ( Sylos Labini , 2002).

戰後初期，中國文化霸權主導，台灣社會充滿「去日本化」的氛圍。其後，很長一段時間，鄉土教材及教科書中的歷史敘述不是抗日戰爭，就是選擇遺忘。直到1990年代以後，教育本土（台灣）化的潮流興起，台灣社會爲扭轉以中國爲本位的史觀，教科書中日治時期台灣的歷史敘述始大幅增加。結果，除了武裝抗日之外，日本帶來「近代化」建設的歷史評價也逐漸成型。值得關注的是，學校教育由中國本位移向台灣本位的過程中，出現了日本統治時期殖民遺續受容的現象，「日本」元素不期然地與「中國」元素呈現消長的狀態。 本文主要以1990年代鄉土教育之醞釀期及實施過程爲例說明，除比較鄉土教材、《認識台灣》與社會教科書中有關日本統治時期敘述的變化之外，同時論及台灣人身份認同形成過程中，「日本」做爲一個歷史記憶的元素如何被挪用、轉化爲追求自身文化認同的動力。

Use of a custom testing center locator tool to improve STI and HIV testing rates in adolescent men who have sex with men as part of an online sexual health program

Accessibility is one of the greatest challenges facing Cultural Heritage sites today. Yet, experiencing culture means being part of our society, as it brings people together, and it should be universally granted. Departing from a participatory process focusing on engaging local stakeholders to regenerate the University District by promoting its Cultural Heritage and public spaces, this paper analyses how the City of Bologna has been able to bring accessibility at the centre of its development programme. Starting from the living lab (U-Lab) created within an European funded project (ROCK), Bologna is working to remove any physical, sensorial and cultural barrier that could impede or discourage the access to the area. In doing so, all the institutions and actors involved relied on the co-design method to create a service with the ultimate aim to make the University area a Cultural District universally accessible.

Reflections on AIDS, 1981–2031

The formation and flow of the imperialist power of the Japanese empire was achieved by the accumulation, exchange, and cohesion of knowledge in politics, anthropology, sociology, archaeology, and literature. Japanese colonisation was an enterprise propelled by the mobilisation of mass media in every corner of the empire. Since the literary instruments served two different colonies of Japan, after 1937, both Taiwan and Manchukuo felt the need to establish an official propaganda section that could work more closely with the colonial administration, thus effectively meeting its political needs. Ōuchi's involvement in the propaganda system had two aspects. Knowledge plays a significant role in backing up the empire. Japanese colonial rule in Taiwan and Manchuria was constructed and consolidated by means of research networks that prioritised the spatial distribution of knowledge within the nexus of Japanese research institutions across China.Keywords: China; Japan's scientific colonialism; Japanese colonisation; Japanese empire; Manchuria; Ouchi; Taiwan

This paper attempts to rebut the prevailing favorable view of Japanese colonial rule in Taiwan by analyzing the formative principles and the structure of the modernizing elements in the assimilationist Japanese educational policy in Taiwan. In particular, the paper attends to the system by which the Japanese implemented equality of educational opportunity and the large amount of material on Western civilization incorporated into the teaching curriculum. The main themes of the paper are the following. Taiwan's assimilationist ”douka” policy came into being under the leadership of Isawashuji, creator of the Japanese-language education program in Taiwan. Its main content emphasized civilization, and the major medium for promulgating this content was Japanese-language education. The program employed ”kokutai” as its main educational instrument and as the pivot of political rule, filling a role analogous to that played by Christianity in Western colonial environments, and took ”becoming Japanese” and ”moving toward ishdoujim” as emblems of its assimilationist objectives. These guidelines became the prototype for Taiwan’s assimilationist (”douka”) educational program for half a century. However, the modernizing elements in this educational program also had an instrumental and intensely ideological character. For Isawashuji, he was convinced that only a broad education would enable the Taiwanese to genuinely understand the uniqueness and superiority of the Japanese state (”kokutai”). Isawashuji was determined to use ”kokutai” in ruling Taiwan mainly because the Japanese empire lacked a colonial educational instrument comparable to that provided by the teachings of Christianity. Hence he attempted to use ”kokutai” in place of religion in educating the Taiwanese. Under Isawashuji's rule, the Taiwanese were perhaps given the opportunity to establish a basis for modernization, as well as a basic direction for their later national identification as Taiwanese. However, these modernizing results were obtained mainly as by-products of a plan aimed at maintaining the equilibrium of the Japanese empire. They were not the results of an attitude of benevolence toward the people on Isawashuji's part, nor of a direct affirmation of the value of modernization.

The hokō (pao-chia in Chinese) system was crucial for Japanese colonial rule in Taiwan. As a system of Chinese origin for social control, it has attracted considerable attention but little serious research. The few academic works on this topic are by and large limited to discussing the functions of the system, rather than its actual operations and role in society. The study of hokō secretaryship, based on the author's field research, is key to understanding the system as an organic institution. The study elaborates on the establishment, role, and economic conditions of the hokō secretaryship in historical perspective. It delineates the operation of the hokō system, thus enabling us to more clearly understand the process of Japan's wartime mobilization. The examination of the role of the hokō secretaryship was thus placed within the context of Japan's local administration of Taiwan. Further study will shed light on the differences in household administration between colonial and postwar Taiwan. Finally, the interaction between state and society suggests avenues for future theoretical analysis and empirical research.

This essay discusses the changes of the Government-General's policies related to the establishment of the modern corporation law (近代公司法制), during early Japanese colonial rule in Taiwan. In traditional Taiwanese society, capital was raised mainly through joint-stock partnership (合股方式). After the opening of coastal ports to foreigners in the early 1860s, the merits of modern corporate organization (近代公司) were recognized by the local business sector through trading with the West. They therefore began to imitate the modern corporate system, (近代公司制度) and the term 'company' was used for their joint -stock commercial firms (合股商號). After Taiwan was ceded to Japan in 1895, businesspersons were quick to take up Japanese merchant law (商法), and started to adopt the term hui-sher or kai-sha (會社) for their firms. This represented their interest in and acceptance of the modern-company system. On the contrary, the government was less enthusiastic than the business circles in introducing the modern-company system. The Qing (Ch'ing was used in the abstract by Hung) Dynasty did not acknowledge the merits of the Western company system. The Japanese colonial government also placed little emphasis on introducing the modern corporate system, a situation contrary to the policies during Meiji Restoration in the Japan proper. The main difference between the modern-company system and the traditional joint-stock firms was that the functioning of the former required government legislation to protect the interests of the investors. In the early stages, the Japanese Government-General tended to manage Taiwanese enterprises through joint-stock partnership. Starting in 1909, an executive order on Taiwanese corporation 「臺灣合股令」was issued, and in 1912 Taiwanese enterprises were restricted to use the term 「會社」for their firms by the order of the Government-General. (府令). Nevertheless, 「臺灣合股令」, with its basis on joint-stock partnership, did not gain the approval of the Japanese central government, and in 1923 the legal reform in the colony made Japanese merchant law applicable in Taiwan. Thereafter, Taiwanese commercial organizations were governed by Japanese merchant law.

This paper takes the investigation and arrangement of rinya (forests and wild land) as its focus, accompanied with the triangulation of historical materials to discuss if the interpretations of such investigation and arrangement of rinya in Taiwan's shihonshugika (the transition to capitalism) by researchers from Tadao Yanaihara downward are appropriate. In addition, this paper also introduces the colonial administration's view toward forests, the unintended consequences generated after the connection of different institutions, and the heterogeneities of forest resources to explain in a holistic scale how the rinya was incorporated into colonial control, allocated to different stakeholders, and then reached ”shihonshugika”. At the beginning of Japanese colonial rule in Taiwan, the colonial administration divided the rinya into forest lands and forest products through institutions so as to identify the contents of stakeholders' rights. While confronting the existing customary practices of foresty in Taiwan's society, there were problems of articulating the customary practices and new regulations that frequently occurred. The primary resolution did not come out until the establishment of engokanke-rinya (occupation relationships) after the investigation of rinya. As a comparison, although the capitalists that resided in the government-owned rinya under the consideration of the domestication of the indigenous people and wastelands development deployed takushokukeiei (management by colonizing and reclaiming) mainly to the forest lands, the revenue that eminated from the forest products was the important incentive of accelerating the alliance of capitalists and government. After undertaking the arrangement of government-owned rinya in the 1920s, the colonial administration divided the government-owned rinya into preserved and non-preserved areas, while at the same time sorting out the forest people and their engokanke-rinya. Through property devolving, knowledge inculcation and law enforcement, the colonial administration tried to convert these people who resided around the government-owned rinya into forest managers who could live on their own and be no harm to forest protection. Benefits to forest products and lumber industries came about due to World War Ⅰ. However, those capitalists located in the non-preserved rinya and who were unable to arrange in time took liberty of the war and the convenience of colonizing and reclaiming the forest lands to undertake operations that resulted in serious deforestation, which did not comply with the conservation ideas prescribed in forest law. Thus, the colonial administration not only concentrated on the authority of the national forests, but also integrated the strengths of capitalists to manage the national forests efficiently. This government-led model was unexpectedly squeezed between Japan and an international situation turned the profits of rinya into a concern over waste. Consequently, a knowledge system package originating from the European continent's scientific forestry was appropriated. The colonial administration tried to reform the existing systems of forest management and solve the practical problems in the 1930s. As to the research history of rinya which has focused on the primary and mid-term of Japanese colonial rule, this paper adjusts the errors implicated in evolutionist explanations and the unsuitability of the application of theory into history on some level, while at the same time providing possible spaces for dialogue between the research traditions of Taiwan's shihonshugika and the environmental history of South Asia.

Before the Bride Really Wore Pink

At-home HIV test poses dilemmas and opportunities

For a long time, indigenous peoples lived alone in Taiwan according to their own laws. The Dutch and Spanish, the first foreign rulers in Taiwanese history, claimed their sovereignty over Taiwan in accordance with European international law, treated indigenous peoples, called ＂Formosan,＂ as subjects under European-style legal system. The Koxinga regime established by Han Chinese considered indigenous peoples with obedience to be barbarian, rather than civilized subjects, and regarded those indigenous peoples who were not ruled by this regime as non-human beings by setting up a boundary to block off them. The Qing Dynasty followed the attitude toward indigenous peoples mentioned above and thus divided them into ＂plains aborigines＂ (mature barbarian) and ＂mountain aborigines＂ (raw barbarian). The former were ruled by the Qing Empire but lived in a special area to segregate them from the Han Chinese settlers in Taiwan. The latter were not ruled by the Qing administration and resided in ＂outside borders.＂ However, because the Qing government allowed Han Chinese to lease the land of plains aborigines, their land was finally controlled by Han Chinese settlers, and plains aborigines were gradually assimilated by Han Chinese during the period of Qing’s rule in Taiwan. Furthermore, after 1874, the Qing Empire began to manage the land of mountain aborigines, who have suffered the threat from the assimilation of Han Chinese from then to the present days. A modern state began to dominate the people in Taiwan after prewar Japanese Empire acquired the sovereignty of this island. Plains aborigines were merged into the Taiwanese, called ＂islanders＂ in the positive law. Mountain aborigines, generally called ＂aborigines＂ only during the Japanese period, resided in the ＂aboriginal land,＂ where was the land of ＂outside borders＂ in the Qing period. Some aboriginal land was incorporated into ＂ordinary administrative area＂ later, and those mountain aborigines who resided in the ordinary administrative area were called ＂plains mountain aborigines.＂ Furthermore, only a part of aboriginal land was reserved for the use of ＂mountain aborigines in aboriginal land＂ by the Japanese authorities. Apparently, the living space and the number of mountain aborigines decreased under the Japanese rule. Legal affairs of mountain aborigines were managed with by the discretion of special policemen for them with the exception that some of those mountain aborigines who resided in the ordinary administrative area had opportunities to contact the modern law because of their access to the modern court. Ironically, legal traditions of mountain aborigines to a certain extent became active in their daily lives because it was not necessary for the police to govern the legal affairs of mountain aborigines by the law in colonial Taiwan, which had was always modeled on the modern law shaped by the West. In post-war Taiwan, the Kuomintang (KMT) regime considered mountain aborigines as a special group of peoples who resided in ＂mountain area,＂ namely aboriginal land in the Japanese period, and therefore called them ＂mountain compatriots.＂ Those citizens belonging to mountain compatriots were mostly treated in law the same as those of other citizens. However, some of mountain aborigines did not reside in the so-called mountain area after the Japanese rule in Taiwan. As a consequence, mountain aborigines were divided into ＂mountain-area mountain compatriots＂ and ＂plains mountain compatriots＂ in the positive law in postwar Taiwan. The existence of mountain aborigines has been completely denied in the law. Not surprisingly, the scope and living space of indigenous peoples were reduced again by the KMT regime. Under the policy of assimilation, the legal traditions of indigenous peoples were always neglected by the positive law in postwar Taiwan. Until the 1990s, there was a big change for the legal attitude toward indigenous peoples in Taiwan. The indigenous peoples have become an entity in politics and in the positive law after several amendments of the constitution of Taiwan in the 1990s. Many rights of indigenous peoples have been recognized in statutes of present Taiwan; however, the enforcement of these statutes is still poor. The idea of rule of law is not significant for indigenous peoples unless the legal culture of them has been adopted or respected by the law.

Public bicycle sharing services has gained much attention through the expanding of its services globally. This service is important to support sustainable strategy which has been implemented. While the adaptation of this service has provided a good acceptance in other regions, Malaysia is also trying to serve the gap. There are four variables that have been selected as the independent variables which are accessibility, technology, safety and attitude while public acceptance is the dependent variable for this study. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to analyse the public acceptance towards the implementation of bicycle sharing services in Malaysia city centre focusing on Kuala Lumpur and Johor Bharu areas. The online questionnaire is done on 271 public user of bicycle sharing services. The results indicate that the acceptance of bicycle sharing services in Malaysia has significant impact towards the implementation of its services. However, the acceptance of this service strongly depends on the safety aspect compared to other variables. Â