Abstract
A class of rhodamine-based fluorescent sensors for the selective and sensitive detection of Pd2+ metal ions in aqueous media has been developed. A rhodamine-based sensor PMS and a rhodamine-BODIPY Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-pair sensor PRS have been incorporated with a piperazine linker and an O-N-S-N podand ligand for specific recognition of Pd2+ ion. Both probes displayed colorimetric and fluorescent ratiometric changes when exposed to Pd2+, due to their spirolactam rings opening and restoring rhodamine conjugation. PRS is highly selective to Pd2+ over 22 other metal ions, showing a 0.6-fold ratiometric difference at I600nm/I515nm. Additionally, the lactam ring in Pd2+ coordinated PRS-Pd could be switched back to the closed form in the presence of various thiols, providing a "red-green traffic light" detection mechanism between red and green emission. Furthermore, PRS showed excellent cell viability and was successfully employed to image Pd2+ and the PRS-Pd complex ensemble could interchangeably detect biothiols including glutathione (GSH) in A549 human lung cancer cells.
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