A Pilot Study Evaluating Acalabrutinib for the Treatment of Relapsed/Refractory Primary and Secondary Central Nervous System Lymphomas

Abstract

Background: Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare variant of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) that involves the brain, leptomeninges, eyes, and/or spinal cord without evidence of systemic disease. While frontline PCNSL is potentially curable, relapsed PCNSL has a dismal prognosis, particularly if the relapse is within 1 year of frontline therapy. Secondary central nervous system lymphoma (SCNSL) is defined as systemic NHL that has CNS involvement either concurrently or at relapse. There is no standard of care for relapsed CNS lymphoma. Recently, though, novel targeted agents have shown promise. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a key enzyme in the B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway. In some B-cell NHL, BTK is essential for proliferation and survival. The BTK inhibitor (BTKi) ibrutinib is effective for the treatment of both primary and secondary CNS lymphomas with response rates of 68% (CR=45%) and 56% (CR=17%), respectively. Acalabrutinib is an irreversible BTKi that has been evaluated in NHL. Phase 2 trials of acalabrutinib in relapsed/refractory MCL reported an ORR of 80.6% with a CR rate of 39.5%. Importantly, there were no cases of atrial fibrillation and only 1 case of grade 3 or higher gastrointestinal hemorrhage. We hypothesize that acalabrutinib, a more selective BTKi, may be an effective treatment for relapsed CNS lymphomas with fewer complications. Study Design/Methods: This is a multicenter, open-label, single-arm, pilot study designed to investigate the antitumor effects of acalabrutinib in subjects with relapsed PCNSL or SCNSL that is open to accrual (NCT04548648). All subjects receive acalabrutinib 100mg every 12 hours until progression or discontinuation of treatment due to an adverse event. Prophylactic administration of the antifungal agent isavuconazole will be mandatory while subjects receive acalabrutinib. This decision is based on cases of invasive aspergillosis in studies evaluating ibrutinib. As a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor, isavuconazole may increase acalabrutinib levels. Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that coadministration may increase acalabrutinib dosing 2- to 3-fold. We feel that this possible increase in concentration is reasonable given the need for blood-brain-barrier penetration. During the study, 15 evaluable subjects will be enrolled and treated. Response will be assessed via brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months. After 24 months, patients will require yearly MRIs for response assessment. The primary endpoint is overall response rate (ORR) at 2 months of therapy. Secondary endpoints include toxicity, complete response (CR) rate, progression free survival (PFS), duration of response (DoR), and overall survival (OS). Key inclusion criteria include: biopsy (can be from initial diagnosis) or MRI findings consistent with B-cell NHL in CNS; ocular and CSF involvement are allowed but there must be a parenchymal mass as well; at least one prior line of therapy; no systemic involvement; ECOG performance status < 2. Key exclusion criteria include: previous BTKi exposure; anticoagulation with warfarin; strong CYP3A4 inhibitor that cannot be stopped; severe hepatic insufficiency; inability to take oral medication. Correlative studies include blood and CSF pharmacokinetic studies of acalabrutinib and its active metabolite, ACP-5862 (collected on day 1 and 8 of cycle 1). Molecular testing will be performed on biopsy samples to evaluate the presence of mutations in the MYD88 and CXCR4 genes. Additionally, the utility of 82Rubidium as a positron emission tomography-radiotracer will be evaluated (at screening and prior to cycle 3 and cycle 7) in the first five subjects at the University of North Carolina who consent to this scan. Mental status and cognitive function will be evaluated with the mini-mental status examination (MMSE) at screening then every 6 months. Figure 1View largeDownload PPTFigure 1View largeDownload PPT Close modal