Abstract
A physical mechanism of the positive ionospheric storms at low and mid latitudes reported recently is reviewed, and comapred with the positive ionospheric storms observed during a super storm. In addition, the possible variations of the mechanism with the strength of the equatorward winds, intensity of prompt penetration electric field (PPEF), local time and season are discussed. According to the mechanism, the mechanical effects of the equatorward wind (1) reduce (or stop) the downward diffusion of plasma along the geomagnetic field lines, (2) raise the ionosphere to high altitudes of reduced chemical loss, and hence (3) accumulate the plasma at altitudes near and above the ionospheric peak centered at ±15°–30° magnetic latitudes. The daytime eastward PPEF, if occurs, also shifts the EIA crests to higher than normal latitudes. The positive ionospheric storms are most likely in the longitudes of morning-noon onset of the geomagnetic storms. The mechanism agrees with the positive ionospheric storms observed during the super storm of 07–08 November 2004.
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