A phylogenetic and biogeographic study of Hamamelis (Hamamelidaceae), an eastern Asian and eastern North American disjunct genus

Abstract

Hamamelis (Hamamelidaceae) consists of four to six species disjunctly distributed in eastern Asia and eastern North America. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. The North American species of Hamamelis formed a monophyletic group. The previously proposed close relationship between the eastern Asian H. japonica and the eastern North American H. vernalis was not supported by the ITS phylogeny. The lack of direct intercontinental sister species relationship was reported from most other eastern Asian and eastern North American disjunct genera, suggesting the relative antiquity of the disjunct pattern. Fossil evidence supported the Bering land bridge hypothesis as the explanation for the formation of the disjunct pattern in Hamamelis. Although generally treated under the synonymy of H. virginiana, H. macrophylla from southeastern US and H. mexicana from Mexico had an identical ITS profile with H. vernalis from the Ozark Plateau, but distinct from H. virginiana, suggesting the need for a taxonomic reexamination.