Abstract
In this paper, we present a phase-intensity surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor and demonstrate its use for avian influenza A (H5N1) antibody biomarker detection. The sensor probes the intensity variation produced by the steep phase response at surface plasmon excitation. The prism sensor head is fixed between a pair of polarizers with a perpendicular orientation angle and a forbidden transmission path. At SPR, a steep phase change is introduced between the p- and s-polarized light, and this rotates the polarization ellipse of the transmission beam. This allows the light at resonance to be transmitted and a corresponding intensity change to be detected. Neither time-consuming interference fringe analysis nor a phase extraction process is required. In refractive index sensing experiments, the sensor resolution was determined to be 6.3 × 10−6 refractive index values (RIU). The sensor has been further applied for H5N1 antibody biomarker detection, and the sensor resolution was determined to be 193.3 ng mL−1, compared to 1 μg mL−1 and 0.5 μg mL−1, as reported in literature for influenza antibody detection using commercial Biacore systems. It represents a 517.3% and 258.7% improvement in detection limit, respectively. With the unique features of label-free, real-time, and sensitive detection, the phase-intensity SPR biosensor has promising potential applications in influenza detection.
Highlights
Avian influenza A (H5N1) was first detected in humans in 1997 [1]
The sensor has been further applied for H5N1 antibody biomarker detection, and the sensor resolution was determined to be 193.3 ng mL−1, compared to 1 μg mL−1 and 0.5 μg mL−1, as reported in literature for influenza antibody detection using commercial Biacore systems
We demonstrate a phase-intensity surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor
Summary
Avian influenza A (H5N1) was first detected in humans in 1997 [1]. Since 2003, the WHO has recorded 844 confirmed cases, with 449 deaths [2] and a 60% mortality rate [3]. Existing diagnostic technologies include viral cultures, rapid influenza detection tests (RIDT), immunofluorescence tests, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays [4,5]. Viral cultures provide high sensitivity, and are commonly used in many clinical settings [6], these results take 10–14 days to process. This is up to 42 times slower than immunofluorescence tests, such as direct fluorescence antibody assays (DFA), which take 2–4 h to process. PCR tests are highly sensitive and specific, but require a longer processing time (about 6 h) [4,6,7], as well as trained staff needed to perform
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