Abstract
Illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing activities threaten marine biodiversity, livelihoods, food security, and human rights across the globe. Often occurring in waters that are difficult to control, and across multi-sector, transboundary, value chains that are hard to regulate, such a complex and heterogeneous problem requires multiple strategies beyond sovereign nations’ legislation alone. Here we explore the mechanisms through which eco-certification, by fostering private-public and cross-jurisdiction cooperation, can incentivize fishers to adopt best practices in harvesting and ecosystem impacts mitigation, increase the transparency of fishery operations and accountability to suppliers. The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) sets globally recognized standards for fisheries sustainability and supply chain assurance, based on the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. Building on the MSC experience of over 400 certified fisheries representing 18% of global wild marine catch, we analyze examples and available information on the changes achieved by the seafood industry through engagement with the program, with particular focus on the elimination or reduction of illegal, unreported or unregulated fishing practices. We propose here that different, interlinked mechanisms come into play: the Standards provide best practice guidelines for improved catch documentation, monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS), and strengthening regulations. These lead to change either through (1) direct improvements required for fisheries to achieve the certificate (e.g., in Fishery Improvement Projects) or, (2) once certified, to maintain the certificate, or (3) as an emergent effect of the engagement process itself, requiring stakeholder cooperation and transparent information-sharing leading to a greater culture of compliance, and (4), as an effect of strengthening chain of custody documentation and standardizing it across jurisdictions. We also discuss limitations, such as the capacity for fisheries in low-income regions to embark on the management and social reform required, and evolving challenges in seafood sustainability, such as ethical concerns for forced and child labor and shark finning. While not the single silver bullet against such a complex problem, we argue that certification is an important tool in addressing IUU fishing.
Highlights
The global decline in biodiversity is well documented (IPBES, 2019), with growing international calls for stronger conservation and its more sustainable use (WWF, 2018; IUCN, 2019; Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity [SCBD], 2020)
Commercial fisheries have consistently been identified as a main driver of declines in marine biodiversity (IPBES, 2019), with illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing being a persistent factor in unsustainable fisheries (Cabral et al, 2018)
While studies on the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) or other eco-certification schemes are typically viewed in the context of fisheries that operate legally within well-monitored and managed frameworks, here our focus is the potential contributions that the presence of best practice guidelines provided by the MSC Fisheries and Chain of Custody (CoC) Standards and the market and reputational recognition offered by eco-certification, can make to addressing illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing
Summary
The global decline in biodiversity is well documented (IPBES, 2019), with growing international calls for stronger conservation and its more sustainable use (WWF, 2018; IUCN, 2019; Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity [SCBD], 2020). While studies on the MSC or other eco-certification schemes are typically viewed in the context of fisheries that operate legally within well-monitored and managed frameworks, here our focus is the potential contributions that the presence of best practice guidelines provided by the MSC Fisheries and Chain of Custody (CoC) Standards and the market and reputational recognition offered by eco-certification, can make to addressing illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing. The action plans developed to address them require that the certificate holders put pressure on the WCPFC RFMO member states to cooperate on issues such as data sharing, “evidence of flag state enforcement and controls on vessels fishing in the WCPFC Convention Area.”, and engage in specific activities, such as “WPSTA will request meetings with China Overseas Fishery Association (COFA) to understand the most recent Compliance Monitoring Report (CMR).”. By requiring jurisdictions of shared stocks to share information, incentives are provided for coordinating assessments and better detection of mis-reporting across jurisdictions
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