Abstract
Research and development efforts to establish underwater electroacoustic transducer standards for use in a variety of environmental conditions, performed concurrently with research on calibration methodologies, began nearly 60 years ago. This research and development effort successfully generated a series of standards now made available under the auspices of the U.S. Navy’s Underwater Sound Reference Division in Newport, RI (a.k.a. USRD). Because of consistent and insightful investment of resources made over the years by Navy technical agents and advocates like Dr. Joseph Blue, scientists and engineers from government (U.S. and select foreign), academia, and industry can use Navy transducer calibration standards to perform accurate measurements of acoustic energy underwater. Definition and characteristics of a standard are considered. Performance characteristics of transducer standards currently used, along with some discussion of applications, are presented.
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