A particulate contrast agent with potential for ultrasound imaging of liver

Abstract

Ultrasonic backscatter and attenuation coefficients of a medium can be increased by the addition of solid, micron sized inhomogeneities. A potentially useful agent for ultrasonic contrast of liver images has been identified. Iodipamide ethyl ester (IDE) particles can be produced in the form of dense, relatively incompressible solids with high impedance mismatch to water. The chemical, biomechanical, and pharmacological properties of the small, uniform diameter IDE particles permit safe intravenous injection followed by rapid accumulation by reticuloendothelial (RE) cells of the liver and spleen, and later elimination from these organs. Since the particles are phagocytized by RE cells, present in normal liver but not in tumors and many lesions, the selective enhancement of ultrasonic backscatter should improve detectability of lesions which are hypo- or iso-echoic compared to surrounding tissue. The mechanisms of particle-ultrasound interaction may be described by relative motion attenuation, and scattering from a cloud of dense, incompressible spheres for the case of IDE particles in agar. Thus, values of attenuation and backscatter can be controlled by choice of ultrasound frequency and particle concentration and size. When the particles are accumulated in rat livers, additional mechanisms induce attenuation and backscatter in excess of that predicted by IDE in agar. This preliminary work demonstrates that solid, biocompatible particles may be useful as an ultrasonic contrast agent.