Abstract
Background Solute carrier family 12 member 5 (SLC12A5) has been reported to play an oncogenic role in certain malignancies. Its prognostic roles and immune mechanisms of action in human cancers, however, remain largely unknown. Methods Data derived from TCGA, GEPIA, and TIMER databases were utilized to delve into the expressing patterns, prognostic values, clinical significances, and tumor immunity of SLC12A5 in tumors. Additionally, the association of SLC12A5 expressions with tumor mutation burden (TMB), methyltransferases, and mismatch repairs (MMRs) was also analyzed. Results Herein, we observed that SLC12A5 was significantly overexpressed in various malignancies, and SLC12A5 levels correlated with overall survival, disease-specific survival, and tumor stage of certain cancers. Furthermore, we noticed that SLC12A5 was distinctly associated with methyltransferases, mismatch repair proteins, TMB, and MSI in human cancers. Conclusions SLC12A5 may act as a potential prognostic and immunological biomarker and therapeutic target for human cancers.
Highlights
Cancer is one of the greatest threats to human health
Using the SLC12A5 expression data for 33 cancers retrieved from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, our group observed that SLC12A5 was overexpressed in various types of tumors, including BLCA, BRCA, HNSC, KICH, KIRC, KIRP, LIHC, LUAD, LUSC, PCPG, PRAD, THCA, and UCEC tissues compared to their corresponding normal tissues
Given the lack of normal controls for some cancers in TCGA database, we used the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) database containing data from both TCGA and GTEx databases to further explore the SLC12A5 expression status in pan-cancers, and as revealed in Figure 1(b), SLC12A5 was highly expressed in ACC, PAAD, CESC, DLBC, KICH, LAML, LIHC, SARC, THCA, KIRC, THYM, UCEC, KIRP, OV, and USC tissues compared with nontumor tissues, while downregulation of SLC12A5 was found in GBM and LGG compared with their corresponding adjacent noncancerous tissues
Summary
Cancer is one of the greatest threats to human health. Many types of tumors have complex clinical and pathologic characteristics, and the extremely complex pathogenesis of tumors has yet to be explored [1, 2]. Cancer progression results in an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment [4]. As the important component of the tumor microenvironment, immune cells have been reported to play crucial roles in immune modulation and in cancer progression [7, 8]. Increasing evidence shows that immune-related mechanisms play essential roles in the tumorigenicity and progressions of human tumors, and immunotherapy has been considered as a novel direction in clinical treatments of tumors [9, 10]. Its prognostic roles and immune mechanisms of action in human cancers, remain largely unknown. The association of SLC12A5 expressions with tumor mutation burden (TMB), methyltransferases, and mismatch repairs (MMRs) was analyzed. We noticed that SLC12A5 was distinctly associated with methyltransferases, mismatch repair proteins, TMB, and MSI in human cancers. SLC12A5 may act as a potential prognostic and immunological biomarker and therapeutic target for human cancers
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