A Overview on Lumpy Skin Disease: A Review

Abstract

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an economically devastating emerging viral disease of cattle and it is caused by the virus which belongs to the Capripoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family. It is a transboundary illness with serious economic implications that affects cattles and water buffaloes. The illness has a high morbidity and low mortality are caused by arthropod-borne transmission. LSD has made its first appearance in India with a 7.1% morbidity rate among cattle. The disease typically manifests clinically as fever, anorexia, and distinctive nodules on the skin and mucous membranes of the mouth, nostrils, udder, genital, and rectum. Abortion, infertility, and occasionally death can also occur. On examination, nodules are frequently seen on the mucosa of the oropharynx, udder, genitalia, and rectum. The disease is endemic to countries in Africa and the Middle East, but it has recently begun to spread to Asia and other continents. Recently China and Bangladesh have been reported who shareboundary with India. For the first time, we have compiled a list of LSD epidemics that have occurred in Asian nations during the past ten years the disease's epidemiological situation is still unclear in India. It may be possible to stop the disease from spreading by vaccination and enforcing rigorous quarantine rules and vector control measures. This study seeks to summaries recent advances in epidemiology with a particular disease's etiology, transmission, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment and its transboundary dissemination. Due to poor conditions in farming communities and limited availability to efficient immunizations, the dissemination of capripoxviruses appears to be spreading. This is mostly caused by the Covid-19 pandemic's negative economic repercussions, the devastating sanctions imposed in endemic areas, the rise in both legal and criminal commerce in live animal and animal product, as well as the effects of global climate change.