Abstract
Tissue engineering (TE) is one of the promising areas that aims to address the global problem of organ and tissue shortages. The successful development of TE, particularly in bone tissue engineering, consists of the use of modern methods that allow the creation of scaffolds, the physicochemical, mechanical, and structural parameters of which will allow achieving the desired clinical results. The vast possibilities of the rapidly developing technology of three-dimensional (3D) printing, which allows the creation of individual scaffolds with high precision, has led to various developments in bone tissue TE. In this work, for the successful use of three-dimensional printing in TE to ensure the diffusion of nutrients during cell cultivation throughout the entire structure of the scaffold, a model of a rotating scaffold is proposed, and the movement of the diffusion flow of nutrient fluid is calculated based on Darcy’s law, which regulates the flow of fluids through porous media. The conducted studies of the rate of diffusion flow of nutrients based on glucose in the porous structure of scaffolds with a 10% content of calcium hydroxyapatite demonstrated the promise of using a model of a rotating composite scaffold in TE of bone tissue. The results show that at a scaffold rotation speed of 12 rpm, the diffusion flow rate of nutrients in the composite scaffolds porous structure is practically not affected by their geometric shape.
Highlights
Tissue engineering (TE) is a field of regenerative medicine, which is aimed at the development and application of various methods and principles of scientific areas such as biology, materials science, nanotechnology and medicine, allowing to obtain biological surrogates for the restoration or replacement of damaged areas of human organs or tissues [1,2,3]
Based on the obtained in our studies results, as well as on the studies carried out in experimental works devoted to the study of biological scaffolds [35,36,37], fabricated by 3D printing technology, we modeled composite scaffolds with different types of structures, and the significant difference between the indicated above studies and our model was the content of HAP, which in our scaffolds did not exceed 10%
Studies have shown that the use of a rotating scaffold model in TE of bone tissue for growing cell structures is one of the possible solutions to insufficient cell migration and tissue growth in these structures in vivo and in vitro
Summary
Tissue engineering (TE) is a field of regenerative medicine, which is aimed at the development and application of various methods and principles of scientific areas such as biology, materials science, nanotechnology and medicine, allowing to obtain biological surrogates for the restoration or replacement of damaged areas of human organs or tissues [1,2,3]. Despite the active development of TE in the last few decades, some problems remain unsolved, namely: the high cost of an artificial organ growing [4]; difficult achievement of cell distribution with high density [5] and spatial position accuracy [6]; as well as the achievement of oriented growth of blood vessels [7]. Unlike traditional methods used in 3D printing technology, materials in bioprinting are mainly presented by cells, biological materials and nutrients that stimulate cell growth. By using this process an artificial tissue with a very precise structure of the human organ can be accurately created and thereby the main problem of TE can be solve. In the past few years, bioprinting has made tremendous progress in many aspects, such as computer modeling of organs and blood vessels, and printing techniques have improved significantly
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