Abstract
Abstract. A three-dimensional physical-biological model of the marginal seas of China was used to analyze interannual and intra-seasonal variations in hypoxic conditions and identify the main processes controlling their generation off the Changjiang (or Yangtze River) estuary. The model was compared against available observations and reproduces the observed temporal and spatial variability of physical and biological properties including bottom oxygen. Interannual variations of hypoxic extent in the simulation are partly explained by variations in river discharge but not nutrient load. As riverine inputs of freshwater and nutrients are consistently high, promoting large productivity and subsequent oxygen consumption in the region affected by the river plume, wind forcing is important in modulating interannual and short-term variability. Wind direction is relevant because it determines the spatial extent and distribution of the freshwater plume, which is strongly affected by either upwelling or downwelling conditions. High-wind events can lead to partial reoxygenation of bottom waters and, when occurring in succession throughout the hypoxic season, can effectively suppress the development of hypoxic conditions, thus influencing interannual variability. A model-derived oxygen budget is presented and suggests that sediment oxygen consumption is the dominant oxygen sink below the pycnocline and that advection of oxygen in the bottom waters acts as an oxygen sink in spring but becomes a source during hypoxic conditions in summer, especially in the southern part of the hypoxic region, which is influenced by open-ocean intrusions.
Highlights
IntroductionHypoxic conditions (oxygen concentrations lower than 2 mg L−1 or 62.5 mmol m−3) are increasingly caused by rising anthropogenic nutrient loads from land (Diaz and Rosenberg, 2008; Rabalais et al, 2010; Fennel and Testa, 2019)
In coastal seas, hypoxic conditions are increasingly caused by rising anthropogenic nutrient loads from land (Diaz and Rosenberg, 2008; Rabalais et al, 2010; Fennel and Testa, 2019)
Using daily plume extent as a measure of FW presence and comparing it to daily rates of primary production (PP), oxygen consumption (OC), sediment oxygen consumption (SOC), and bottom oxygen, we find that bottom oxygen and biological rates are significantly correlated with the extent of the FW plume, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.43 to 0.62 (Table 1)
Summary
Hypoxic conditions (oxygen concentrations lower than 2 mg L−1 or 62.5 mmol m−3) are increasingly caused by rising anthropogenic nutrient loads from land (Diaz and Rosenberg, 2008; Rabalais et al, 2010; Fennel and Testa, 2019). Hydrographic properties in the outflow region of the CE are influenced by several different water masses, including fresh Changjiang Diluted Water, relatively low-salinity coastal water; more saline water from the Taiwan Warm Current; and high-nutrient, low-oxygen water from the subsurface of the Kuroshio Current (Qian et al, 2017; Wei et al, 2015; Yuan et al, 2008). The interactions of these water masses together with wind forcing and tidal effects lead to a complicated and dynamic environment
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