A numerical investigation to assess changes to displacement front and by-passed zones employing kinetic interface-sensitive tracer

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An important aspect in groundwater remediation is to understand changes of multiphase fluid front morphology and stagnant regions on macro scale. However, the prediction of those changes during two-phase flow remains a challenging task due to the interplay of various physical factors. Recent laboratory experiments have demonstrated tracers' ability to predict deformation in the front of a two-phase flow system by utilizing a new reactive tracer known as, the kinetic interface sensitive tracer (KIS). This research employs a reactive transport model coupled with a macro-scale two-phase flow model to numerically analyse how viscosity ratio, capillary number, and heterogeneities on the tracer's signal and its impact the frontal deformation. One homogeneous and two heterogeneous types of porous media are considered. The background porous medium is a fine-grained, low-permeability medium, with a coarser, high-permeability lenses, generating heterogeneous material properties. The high-permeability lenses account for 25 % of the total model area and are arranged in either periodic or random patterns. The findings are evaluated using four parameters (effective front length, swept area, front roughness, and transition zone length). The flow patterns dominating the shape of the front are characterized by the viscous and capillary forces i.e. capillary number and the viscosity ratio between the two fluids. The results show that changes in flow regimes can be quantified using effective front length, thus employing the effective front length the viscous fingering regions can be quantified. Furthermore, front roughness and transition zone length are extracted and their relevance to the by-passed zones is presented. The slope of the reactive KIS tracer breakthrough curve, plotted on a phase diagram, can also be used to predict the existence of the by-passed zones for a low viscosity ratio. Finally, changes in front roughness and transition zone length induced by the inclusions are correlated to the slope of the KIS tracer BTC. The findings of this study can contribute to a better understanding of the impact of different flow regimes on the KIS tracer breakthrough signals and the linkages between the tracer signals and the front sizes.