A novel unified planning model for distributed generation and electric vehicle charging station considering multi-uncertainties and battery degradation

Abstract

Achieving the goal of sustainable development is dependent on the widespread integration of renewable energy sources, energy storage systems (ESSs), and electric vehicles (EVs). However, a continuous increase in the penetration of such elements would bring more complexities to the distribution network. Accordingly, this paper presents a unified planning model comprising renewable energy-based distributed generation (DG), ESS, and electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs). In this regard, a Latin Hypercube Sampling method is utilized to generate multi-scenario for describing the uncertainty of renewable energy and load demand. The stochastic EV charging behaviors are represented by various probability density functions (PDF). In addition, an exploitable capacity loss of ESS and EV batteries is calculated by the battery degradation model based on the depth of discharge (DOD). Furthermore, the battery degradation cost is incorporated into the objective of the planning model to identify the optimal decision for candidate assets. A piecewise linearization approach is introduced to convert the problem into a mix-integer linear programming (MILP) model. Numerical results demonstrate that the exploitable capacity loss of batteries plays a key role in asset planning and provides potential contributions to the optimal decisions of the distribution network. In the meantime, by considering battery degradation in the optimization model, the sustainability and lifetime of the battery can be preserved.