A novel technique for the detection of added water to full fat milk using single frequency admittance measurements

Abstract

A novel method to detect added water to full fat milk has been developed using single frequency electrical conductance measurements. The characteristics at 100 kHz and 8 °C for all skimmed milk samples revealed a linear decrease in conductance with increasing water content over the entire range of water concentrations. In contrast, the conductance of full fat milk showed a decrease only at added water concentrations higher than 10%. At lower added water concentrations, the full fat milk exhibited an anomalous conductivity maximum at 2–3% added water.