A Novel Synthesis of Nickel Carbide Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode for Electrochemical Investigation of Archetypal Diabetes Biomarker in Human Serum and Urine Samples

Abstract

We began with an exploration of a novel method for non-enzymatic glucose sensing through the direct electrochemical oxidation process using an annealed Nickel carbide (Ni3C) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). We cover the synthesis and detailed characterization of Ni3C, the modification process of the electrode, and its application in the electrocatalytic detection of glucose in human blood and urine samples. Ni3C, known for its high charge transfer efficiency, exceptional stability in harsh environments, and outstanding electrochemical activity, was prepared through an annealing method. The produced Ni3C, characterized by a nanoplate structure ranging from 20 to 50 nanometers, was applied to a GCE to benefit from its extensive surface area and structural robustness. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry confirmed the superior electrocatalytic properties and charge transfer capabilities of Ni3C/GCE over the unmodified GCE. The glucose detection was achieved by the direct electrochemical oxidation of glucose on the modified electrode, showcasing a linear detection range from 0.05 to 2236 μM and an impressively low detection limit of 0.0186 μM. This research underscores the effectiveness of Ni3C/GCE as durable, efficient, and reliable tools for the non-enzymatic electrochemical sensing of glucose, providing new prospects for diabetes monitoring.