A novel sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor based on molecularly imprinted polymer on a nanoporous gold leaf modified electrode for warfarin sodium determination

Yingchun Li,Shahid Mahboob,Jiang Liu,Shu-Feng Zhou,Xueji Zhang,Lu Zhang,Khalid Abdullah Al-Ghanim,Bang-Ce Ye

doi:10.1039/c6ra05553b

Abstract

A novel electrochemical sensor was facilely fabricated by coupling nanoporous gold leaf (NPGL) with molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP), and afforded ultrasensitive and selective determination of warfarin sodium (WFS).

Highlights

Warfarin sodium (WFS), a coumarin derivative, is an oral anticoagulant widely used in multifarious cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disorders, for instance, venous pulmonary embolism, atrial brillation, coronary heart diseases, etc
The modi cation of nanoporous gold leaf (NPGL) with an electro-synthesized molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) layer is obvious as the width of the nanopores decreases from $30 nm to $20 nm and the image gets darker compared with bare NPGL (Fig. 2B)
Ag/ Au alloy leaves, NPGL and molecularly imprinted polymer decorated NPGL (MIP/NPGL) a er the removal of WFS were probed via energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and element mapping

Summary

Introduction

Warfarin sodium (WFS), a coumarin derivative, is an oral anticoagulant widely used in multifarious cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disorders, for instance, venous pulmonary embolism, atrial brillation, coronary heart diseases, etc. Treatment with warfarin has several shortcomings, one of which is a narrow therapeutic window. The methods of determining WFS in biological samples include high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using uorescence[5] or ultraviolet detectors,[6] liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS),[7] capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE),[8] and so on. Particular concerns for these large instrument-based strategies are high energy and money consumption, a long working time, tedious pretreatment, etc., which is especially unsuitable for fast therapeutic drug monitoring. Physical, chemical or biological modi cation is o en necessary to endow a sensor with a speci c recognition ability toward target molecules.[11,12,13,14] A very promising modi er candidate is molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) since it is able to provide antibodylike speci city and long-term stability.[15] Another barrier

Methods

Results

Conclusion