Abstract
Thyroid cancer is among the most prevalent cancers with different types and stages. New markers are required for the prognosis and diagnosis of the disease. The present study aimed to detect the role of new markers, including galectin-3 (Gal-3) and thyroglobulin (TG), in the prognosis and staging of thyroid cancer. The study also investigated the potential apoptotic and inflammatory mechanisms involved in thyroid cancer through the determination of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) during the different stages of the cancer using a series of molecular methods. Histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations were also performed. A total of 300 subjects were classified into: 100 normal healthy subjects matched in age and sex, 100 patients with thyroid carcinoma stage I (T1N0M0) and 100 patients with thyroid carcinoma stage 2 (T2N1M1). Interestingly, the present study revealed a significant increase in the levels of TG and Gal-3 in thyroid cancer patients compared to the control group. Furthermore, the levels of Bcl-2, IL-8 and TNF-α significantly increased in the patient serum. The histopathological examination and immunohistochemical observations confirmed the molecular and hematological findings. Collectively, the present study concluded that serum TG and Gal-3 could be useful markers in the prognosis and staging of patients with thyroid cancer. Furthermore, the determination of Bax, Bcl-2, IL-8 and TNF-α levels constitute a major important marker for investigation of the mechanisms of apoptosis and inflammation in thyroid cancer. To our knowledge, this is the first study that used both galectin-3 and TG as tumor markers in the prognosis and differentiation between the different stages of cancer.
Highlights
Thyroid cancer remains among the most popular endocrine cancer worldwide and its incidence is continually increasing [1,2]
Where the tumor was less than 2 cm, and there was no evidence of cancer in the regional lymph nodes and not spread to other parts of the body; and Group III that was composed of 100 patients with thyroid carcinoma (T2N1M1) where the tumor size was between 2–4 cm, and cancer had spread to the lymph nodes and other parts of the body
The present study concluded novel data about the prognostic and diagnostic value of various molecular markers in patients with thyroid cancer. In addition to their prognostic values, serum TG and Gal-3 were used as close markers to determine the stage of cancer in thyroid cancer patients
Summary
Thyroid cancer remains among the most popular endocrine cancer worldwide and its incidence is continually increasing [1,2]. The differentiated type includes papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), follicular thyroid cancer (FTC) and mixed carcinomas [3]. PTC represents more than 80% of thyroid gland cancers [4]. This global upsurge of thyroid cancer was Biomedicines 2022, 10, 352. Biomedicines 2022, 10, 352 explained by epidemiologists as a result of new diagnostic, screening and over-diagnosis or due to lifestyle changes such as obesity. Total thyroidectomy is the primary treatment for patients with thyroid cancer. The prognosis and diagnosis of thyroid cancer are acceptable but there is still a small percentage of patients associated with poor prognostic parameters [6]. The protocol of primary diagnostic procedures for thyroid cancer is the examination of the thyroid gland by ultrasound and a fine-needle aspiration biopsy. The diagnosis depends on the clinical examinations, histopathology examination data and ultrasonographic signs [7]
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