Abstract
Enterovirus A89 (EV-A89) is a novel member of the EV-A species. To date, only one full-length genome sequence (the prototype strain) has been published. Here, we report the molecular identification and genomic characterization of a Chinese EV-A89 strain, KSYPH-TRMH22F/XJ/CHN/2011, isolated in 2011 from a contact of an acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) patient during AFP case surveillance in Xinjiang China. This was the first report of EV-A89 in China. The VP1 coding sequence of this strain demonstrated 93.2% nucleotide and 99.3% amino acid identity with the EV-A89 prototype strain. In the P2 and P3 regions, the Chinese EV-A89 strain demonstrated markedly higher identity than the prototype strains of EV-A76, EV-A90, and EV-A91, indicating that one or more recombination events between EV-A89 and these EV-A types might have occurred. Long-term evolution of these EV types originated from the same ancestor provides the spatial and temporal circumstances for recombination to occur. An antibody sero-prevalence survey against EV-A89 in two Xinjiang prefectures demonstrated low positive rates and low titres of EV-A89 neutralization antibody, suggesting limited range of transmission and exposure to the population. This study provides a solid foundation for further studies on the biological and pathogenic properties of EV-A89.
Highlights
Human enterovirus (EV) infections are usually asymptomatic or bring about only mild disease, such as the common cold or minor undifferentiated febrile illnesses
In China, a high-sensitivity acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) case surveillance system to detect the presence of wild polioviruses in a population was established in 1994 as part of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (PEI), and represents the gold standard surveillance system for PEI32
We report the complete genome sequence of a novel EV type, Enterovirus A89 (EV-A89), which was identified for the first time in China, and was detected during AFP case surveillance
Summary
Human enterovirus (EV) infections are usually asymptomatic or bring about only mild disease, such as the common cold or minor undifferentiated febrile illnesses. The ORF is translated into a single, large polyprotein of 2200 amino acids (aa), which is subsequently cleaved by viral proteases into one capsid protein region (P1) and two non-structural regions (P2 and P3). Human EVs can be identified by comparison of the entire or partial VP1 sequence of an unknown EV to a database of prototype strain sequences. Some isolates may occasionally demonstrate nucleotide identity between 70–75% in the VP1 coding region, which has been considered a “grey zone” of molecular typing of human EVs. the use of additional information such as complete P1 sequence identity for serotype identification may be beneficial for identifying the isolates[14]. Only one full-length genome sequence (the EV-A89 prototype strain) is available in the GenBank database. No EV-A89 sequences have been reported in China
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