A novel recombinant AzrC protein proposed by molecular docking and in silico analyses to improve azo dye's binding affinity

Abstract

Azo dyes are broadly used in different industries through their chemical stability and ease of synthesis. These dyes are usually identified as critical environmental pollutants and many attentions were performed to degradation of azo dyes using biological systems. In this study, the interactions of an azoreductase from mesophilic gram-positive Bacillus sp. B29, AzrC, with four common azo dyes (orange I, orange II, orange G and acid red 88) were investigated. Fifteen points, double, triple and quadruple mutant forms of AzrC were made using Molegro Virtual Docker 6.0 in order to improve the binding affinity of azo dyes to AzrC. The impact of 15 different mutations on azo dye affinity potency of AzrC was computationally analyzed using AzrC-azo dye molecular docking, and each interaction was scored based on AutoDock 4.2 free binding energy. Our results have indicated that Asn 104 (A), Asn 187 (B), and Tyr 151 (A) make stable hydrogen bond between AzrC and azo dyes. The hydrophobic amino acids like Phe105 (A), Phe 125 (B), and Phe 172 (B) in wild type form make hydrophobic interactions. In addition, the presence of more hydrophobic residues F60 (B), I119 (B), I121 (B) and F132 (B) in mutant forms made more powerful hydrophobic pocket in the active site. In conclusion, recombinant AzrC with quadruple mutations was suggested in order to increase the biodegradation capacity of AzrC through improving its affinity to four studied azo dyes. This study would be promising for future experimental analyses in order to produce recombinant form of AzrC.