A Novel Pathogenic Avipoxvirus Infecting Vulnerable Cook's Petrel (Pterodroma cookii) in Australia Demonstrates a High Genomic and Evolutionary Proximity with South African Avipoxviruses.

Abstract

Avipoxviruses are assumed to be restricted to avian hosts and are considered to be important viral pathogens that may impact the conservation of many vulnerable or endangered birds. Recent reports of avipoxvirus-like viruses from reptiles suggest that cross-species transmission may be possible within birds and other species. Most of the avipoxviruses in wild and sea birds remain uncharacterized, and their genetic variability is unclear. Here, cutaneous pox lesions were used to recover a novel, full-length Cook's petrelpox virus (CPPV) genome from a vulnerable Cook's petrel (Pterodroma cookii), and this was followed by the detection of immature virions using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The CPPV genome was 314,065 bp in length and contained 357 predicted open-reading frames (ORFs). While 323 of the ORFs of the CPPV genome had the greatest similarity with the gene products of other avipoxviruses, a further 34 ORFs were novel. Subsequent phylogenetic analyses showed that the CPPV was most closely related to other avipoxviruses that were isolated mostly from South African bird species and demonstrated the highest sequence similarity with a recently isolated flamingopox virus (88.9%) in South Africa. Considering the sequence similarity observed between CPPV and other avipoxviruses, TEM evidence of poxvirus particles, and phylogenetic position, this study concluded that CPPV is a distinct candidate of avipoxviruses. IMPORTANCE Emerging viral disease is a significant concern with potential consequences for human, animal, and environmental health. Over the past several decades, multiple novel viruses have been found in wildlife species, including birds, and they can pose a threat to vulnerable and endangered species. Cook's petrel is currently listed as vulnerable. The threats to the species vary, but are, to a large degree, due to anthropogenic impacts, such as climate change, habitat loss, pollution, and other disturbances by humans. Knowledge of viral pathogens, including poxvirus of Cook's petrel is currently virtually nonexistent.