Abstract
For the first time, a novel NiFe2O4/paper-based magnetoelastic (ME) biosensor was developed for rapid, sensitive, and portable detection of human serum albumin (HSA). Due to the uniquely magnetoelastic effect of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles and the excellent mechanical properties of the paper, the paper-based ME biosensor transforms the surface stress signal induced by the specific binding of HSA and antibody modified on the paper into the electromagnetic signal. The accumulated binding complex generates a compressive stress on the biosensor surface, resulting in a decrease in the biosensor’s static magnetic permeability, which correlates to the HSA concentrations. To improve the sensitivity of the biosensor, the concentration of NiFe2O4 nanofluid and the impregnated numbers of the NiFe2O4 nanofluid-impregnated papers were optimized. The experimental results demonstrated that the biosensor exhibited a linear response to HSA concentrations ranging from 10 μg∙mL−1 to 200 μg∙mL−1, with a detection limit of 0.43 μg∙mL−1, which is significantly lower than the minimal diagnosis limit of microalbuminuria. The NiFe2O4/paper-based ME biosensor is easy to fabricate, and allows the rapid, highly-sensitive, and selective detection of HSA, providing a valuable analytical device for early monitoring and clinical diagnosis of microalbuminuria and nephropathy. This study shows the successful integration of the paper-based biosensor and the ME sensing analytical method will be a highly-sensitive, easy-to-use, disposable, and portable alternative for point-of-care monitoring.
Highlights
Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic complication of diabetes, affecting human endocrine metabolism [1]
There is increasing incidence of diabetic nephropathy in China, and it has become the second cause of end-stage renal disease, second only to various forms of glomerulonephritis
A portable device for rapid detection of human serum albumin has been developed [26], but its ME biosensor is still based on the Metglas alloy 2826 MB, which has some limitations as the substrate material for biosensors, since it is non-renewable, difficult to biodegrade, high-cost, and has poor mechanical properties
Summary
Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic complication of diabetes, affecting human endocrine metabolism [1]. A portable device for rapid detection of human serum albumin has been developed [26], but its ME biosensor is still based on the Metglas alloy 2826 MB, which has some limitations as the substrate material for biosensors, since it is non-renewable, difficult to biodegrade, high-cost, and has poor mechanical properties. Cellulose paper is expected to offer many advantages in the construction of ME biosensors due to its unique properties It can obtain more excellent mechanical properties and reduce the costs of equipment and material; second, it can improve measurement accuracy and realize wireless measurement. The experimental results showed excellent performance of the paper-based ME biosensor for HSA detection, with advantages of simple preparation method, low cost, high sensitivity, strong specificity, and a large linear range
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