Abstract
BackgroundThere are currently > 600 million people over the age of 65 globally and this number is expected to double by the year 2050. Alcohol use among this population is on the rise, which is concerning as aging is associated with increased risk for a number of chronic illnesses. As most studies investigating the effects of alcohol have focused on young/middle-aged populations, there is a dearth of information regarding the consequences of alcohol use in older consumers. In addition, most murine ethanol models have concentrated on exposure to very high levels of ethanol, while the vast majority of elderly drinkers do not consume alcohol in excess; instead, they drink on average 2 alcoholic beverages a day, 3–4 days a week.MethodsWe designed a murine model of aging and moderate ethanol consumption to determine if the deleterious effects of alcohol on the gut-liver axis are exacerbated in aged, relative to younger, animals. Aged and young mice were exposed to a multi-day moderate exposure ethanol regimen for 4 weeks and changes in gut permeability along with intestinal tight junction protein and antimicrobial peptide gene expression were measured. In addition, hepatic inflammation was assessed by histological analysis, inflammatory gene expression and flow cytometric analysis of inflammatory infiltrate.ResultsOur results reveal that in aged, but not young mice, moderate ethanol exposure yielded significantly worsened intestinal permeability, including increased bacterial translocation from the gut, elevated serum iFABP and leakage of FITC-dextran from the gut. Interestingly, moderate ethanol exposure in young animals led to gut protective transcriptional changes in the ileum while this protective response was blunted in aged mice. Finally, moderate ethanol exposure in aged mice also resulted in marked inflammatory changes in the liver.ConclusionsThese results demonstrate that aged mice are more susceptible to ethanol-induced gut barrier dysfunction and liver inflammation, even at moderate doses of ethanol. This increased vulnerability to ethanol’s gastrointestinal effects has important implications for alcohol use in the aging population. Future studies will explore whether improving intestinal barrier function can reverse these age-related changes.
Highlights
There are currently > 600 million people over the age of 65 globally and this number is expected to double by the year 2050
McMahan et al Immunity & Ageing (2021) 18:37. These results demonstrate that aged mice are more susceptible to ethanol-induced gut barrier dysfunction and liver inflammation, even at moderate doses of ethanol
Moderate ethanol exposure results in intestinal barrier dysfunction in aged but not young mice To begin to evaluate whether the gastrointestinal effects of ethanol exposure are more dramatic in aged mice, we exposed aged and young mice to a multi-day moderate ethanol exposure regimen and examined a number of intestinal barrier parameters
Summary
There are currently > 600 million people over the age of 65 globally and this number is expected to double by the year 2050. According to the World Health Organization, 8.5 % of the global population is currently > 65 years old and, over the 40 years, older adults will outnumber children worldwide [1]. This is occurring alongside a simultaneous increase in the prevalence of alcohol use among older adults, with a 22 % increase from 2002 to 2014 [2]. The Reg family members, Reg3γ and Reg3β, are highly expressed in the intestine They play a protective role in the injured intestine, improving cell growth and survival [10] along with promoting barrier function by preventing the microbiota in the lumen of the intestine from invading intestinal epithelial cells [11]
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