Abstract
To develop a wound dressing material that conforms to the healing process, we prepared a multilayer composite (MC) membrane consisting of an antibacterial layer (ABL), a reinforcement layer (RFL), and a healing promotion layer (HPL). Biocompatible zein/ethyl cellulose (zein/EC) electrospun nanofibrous membranes with in situ loaded antibacterial photosensitizer protoporphyrin (PPIX) and healing promotion material vaccarin (Vac) were, respectively, chosen as the ABL on the surface and the HPL on the bottom, between which nonwoven incorporated bacterial cellulose (BC/PETN) as the HPL was intercalated to enhance the mechanical property. Photodynamic antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was confirmed by the enlarged inhibition zones; meanwhile, satisfactory biocompatibility of the HPL was verified by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) of L929 cells cultured on its surface. The potential effects on wound healing in a mice skin defect model of the MC membranes were also evaluated. The animal experiments demonstrated that the wound healing rate in the MC group was significantly increased compared with that in the control group (p < 0.05). Histopathological observation revealed an alleviated inflammatory response, accompanied with vascular proliferation in the MC group. The MC membranes significantly promoted wound healing by creating an antibacterial environment and promoting angiogenesis. Taken together, this MC membrane may act as a promising wound dressing for skin wound healing.
Highlights
An open wound is a type of injury that happens when the skin is punctured, torn, or cut
The multilayer composite (MC) membrane was prepared by using the zein/ethyl cellulose (zein/Ethyl cellulose (EC))/protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) nanofibrous membrane as the antibacterial layer (ABL), the Bacterial cellulose (BC)/PETN membrane layer as the reinforcement layer (RFL), and the zein/EC/Vac nanofibrous membrane as the healing promotion layer (HPL)
The BC nanofibers were self-assembled and compounded with the nonwovens in the form of a cellulose membrane and a nanofibrous network, in which the BC membrane adhered to the surfaces of the nonwovens and the BC nanofibers interspersed into the voids between the PETN fibers to form a tightly bonded BC/PETN
Summary
An open wound is a type of injury that happens when the skin is punctured, torn, or cut. Modern wound dressings are technical products that create an ideal healing environment for wounds [3] Given these requirements, the ideal wound dressing should be designed with certain specialties, including excellent biocompatibility, good mechanical properties as barriers, the ability to create a native extracellular matrix to stimulate cell migration, ability to remove excessive exudates, and sustained drug release properties to prevent bacterial infections and promote tissue structure proliferation and recombination [4,5]. Since most electrospinning membranes are usually used to load single drug molecules, the composite membranes cannot achieve multiple drug effects simultaneously, which makes it difficult to meet clinical treatment needs [14] It is desirable in wound healing research that multiple drugs be loaded via the electrospinning procedure to achieve multi-effects, such as creating an antibacterial environment and promoting cell proliferation.
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