A novel modified CPE using CE-Zno-Lapis lazuli nanocomposite as a sensitive electrochemical sensor for the determination of anti-cancer drug of etoposide

Abstract

Etoposide (EP) is one of the anticancer drugs with wide application and many side effects. Therefore, it is very important to provide a simple, fast and sensitive measurement method to monitor the treatment of patients treated with this drug. In the upcoming research, etoposide has been measured using a carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with a new green synthesized nanocomposite. To prepare the nanocomposite, first the Lapis lazuli stone was ground by rubbing in a stone mortar. Proton-induced X-ray emission analysis of processed Lapis lazuli showed the presence of specific mineral phases such as SiO2, CaO, Al2O3, MgO, SO3, Na2O, and Fe2O3 that are associated with Lapis lazuli sources. The resulting Lapis lazuli was used as a substrate in nanocomposite synthesis. In the next step, Cuscuta epithymum (CE) extract was used as a reduction and capping agent for the green synthesis of Zno-Lapis lazuli nanocomposite, abbreviated as CEZLNCs. Finally, electrochemical determination of etoposide (EP), an anti-cancer drug, was conducted with the novel sensor based on the modified CPE with CEZLNCs (CEZLNCs/CPE). The electrochemical behavior of EP was investigated on modified (CEZLNCs/CPE) and unmodified (CPE) electrodes. The linear relationship between peak current and concentration in the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique of EP was linear in the range of 0.04–120 μM with a low detection limit of 2.7 nM. The effect of different species on EP measurement was investigated to determine the selectivity of the CEZLNCs/CPE electrode. EP was measured in drug, human serum and urine samples by using the CEZLNCs/CPE electrode.