Abstract
The energy transition requires an integration of different energy carriers, including electricity, heat, and transport sectors. Energy modeling methods and tools are essential to provide a clear insight into the energy transition. However, the methodologies often overlook the details of small-scale energy systems. The study states an innovative approach to facilitate subnational energy systems with 100% renewable penetration and sectoral integration. An optimization model, the “Open Sector-coupled Energy Model for Subnational Energy Systems” (OSeEM–SN), was developed under the Open Energy Modeling Framework (Oemof). The model is validated using the case study of Schleswig-Holstein. The study assumes three scenarios representing 25%, 50%, and 100% of the total available biomass potentials. OSeEM–SN reaches feasible solutions without additional offshore wind investment, indicating that it can be reserved for supplying other states’ energy demand. The annual investment cost varies between 1.02 and 1.44 bn €/year for the three scenarios. The electricity generation decreases by 17%, indicating that, with high biomass-based combined heat and power plants, the curtailment from other renewable plants can be decreased. Ground source heat pumps dominate the heat mix; however, their installation decreases by 28% as the biomass penetrates fully into the energy mix. The validation confirms OSeEM–SN as a beneficial tool to examine different scenarios for subnational energy systems.
Highlights
To help achieve the 1.5 ◦ C targets of the Paris Agreement [1], the European Union (EU) needs a transformation of energy system based on the smart integration of renewable energy across different sectors
The integration of energy systems is often referred to as “sector coupling” [3]. It indicates the combination of multiple energy sectors, such as electricity, heat, and transport, so that the integrated energy system can achieve the target of overall climate neutrality [4]
Heat pump (GSHP and air source heat pump (ASHP)) generation reduces from 21.5 TWhth in BM-25 to 18.9 TWhth in the BM-100 scenario
Summary
To help achieve the 1.5 ◦ C targets of the Paris Agreement [1], the European Union (EU) needs a transformation of energy system based on the smart integration of renewable energy across different sectors. Decarbonization of heat and transport sectors depends on state-of-the-art techniques, such as power-to-heat and power-to-gas These techniques, used in a sector-coupled network, are expected to increase the energy storage capacity and provide additional flexibility to the energy system [5]. Many researchers analyzed the feasibility of integrating other sectors, especially the heat sector, in 100% renewable energy models. These analyses often show that sector coupling decreases the overall system cost; the benefits should be further investigated before cross-border transmission in a sector-coupled EU network is implemented [3,4,5,6].
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