Abstract
Mining and processing of metal sulfide ores produces waters containing metals and inorganic sulfur compounds such as tetrathionate and thiosulfate. If released untreated, these sulfur compounds can be oxidized to generate highly acidic wastewaters [termed ‘acid mine drainage (AMD)’] that cause severe environmental pollution. One potential method to remediate mining wastewaters is the maturing biotechnology of ‘microbial fuel cells’ that offers the sustainable removal of acid generating inorganic sulfur compounds alongside producing an electrical current. Microbial fuel cells exploit the ability of bacterial cells to transfer electrons to a mineral as the terminal electron acceptor during anaerobic respiration by replacing the mineral with a solid anode. In consequence, by substituting natural minerals with electrodes, microbial fuel cells also provide an excellent platform to understand environmental microbe–mineral interactions that are fundamental to element cycling. Previously, tetrathionate degradation coupled to the generation of an electrical current has been demonstrated and here we report a metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analysis of the microbial community. Reconstruction of inorganic sulfur compound metabolism suggested the substrate tetrathionate was metabolized by the Ferroplasma-like and Acidithiobacillus-like populations via multiple pathways. Characterized Ferroplasma species do not utilize inorganic sulfur compounds, suggesting a novel Ferroplasma-like population had been selected. Oxidation of intermediate sulfide, sulfur, thiosulfate, and adenylyl-sulfate released electrons and the extracellular electron transfer to the anode was suggested to be dominated by candidate soluble electron shuttles produced by the Ferroplasma-like population. However, as the soluble electron shuttle compounds also have alternative functions within the cell, it cannot be ruled out that acidophiles use novel, uncharacterized mechanisms to mediate extracellular electron transfer. Several populations within the community were suggested to metabolize intermediate inorganic sulfur compounds by multiple pathways, which highlights the potential for mutualistic or symbiotic relationships. This study provided the genetic base for acidophilic microbial fuel cells utilized for the remediation of inorganic sulfur compounds from AMD.
Highlights
The extraction of metals from sulfide ores is a robust industrial process carried out in many countries around the world
142 and 145 million read pairs were obtained for microbial fuel cells (MFCs) S1 and S2, respectively, and for the metatranscriptomic sequencing, 97 and 172 million read pairs were obtained for MFCs S1 and S2, respectively (Supplementary File S1)
Except for the Ferroplasma-like metagenomic-assembled genomes (MAGs) in S1, the level of genome completeness was greater than 94.9% across the accepted MAGs and with less than 3.9% contamination
Summary
The extraction of metals from sulfide ores is a robust industrial process carried out in many countries around the world. Bacteria and archaea that thrive under acidic environments catalyze AMD formation and these microorganisms are termed acidophiles (pH optimum < 5) and extreme acidophiles (pH optimum < 3). They are often involved in redox transformations of inorganic sulfur compounds (ISCs) and iron containing minerals (Dopson and Johnson, 2012; Johnson et al, 2012) and they have been exploited for the removal of acid generating ISCs (Liljeqvist et al, 2011). Archaeal populations such as Ferroplasma are dominant in extremely acidic AMD environments (Edwards et al, 2000) and published isolates are facultative anaerobes that are capable of chemoorganotrophic growth on yeast extract coupled to the reduction of ferric iron (Dopson et al, 2004)
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