Abstract

The innovation of germplasm resources and the continuous breeding of new varieties of apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) have yielded more than 8000 apple cultivars. The ability to identify apple cultivars with ease and accuracy can solve problems in apple breeding related to property rights protection to promote the healthy development of the global apple industry. However, the existing methods are inconsistent and time-consuming. This paper proposes an efficient and convenient method for the classification of apple cultivars using a deep convolutional neural network with leaf image input, which is the delicate symmetry of a human brain learning. The model was constructed using the TensorFlow framework and trained on a dataset of 12,435 leaf images for the identification of 14 apple cultivars. The proposed method achieved an overall accuracy of 0.9711 and could successfully avoid the over-fitting problem. Tests on an unknown independent testing set resulted in a mean accuracy, mean error, and variance of μ a c c = 0.9685 , μ ε = 0.0315 , and σ 2 = 1.89025 E − 4 , respectively, indicating that the generalization accuracy and stability of the model were very good. Finally, the classification performance for each cultivar was tested. The results show that model had an accuracy of 1.0000 for Ace, Hongrouyouxi, Jazz, and Honey Crisp cultivars, and only one leaf was incorrectly identified for 2001, Ada Red, Jonagold, and Gold Spur cultivars, with accuracies of 0.9787, 0.9800, 0.9773, and 0.9737, respectively. Jingning1 and Pinova cultivars were classified with the lowest accuracies, with 0.8780 and 0.8864, respectively. The results also show that the genetic relationship between cultivars Shoufu 3 and Yanfu 3 is very high, which is mainly because they were both selected from a red mutation of Fuji and bred in Yantai City, Shandong Province, China. Generally, this study indicates that the proposed deep learning model is a novel and improved solution for apple cultivar identification, with high generalization accuracy, stable convergence, and high specificity.

Highlights

  • The apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) originated in Europe, Asia, and North America [1,2,3]

  • In this paper, we present a novel identification approach for apple cultivars based on the deep convolutional neural network—a DCNN-based model—with apple leaf image input

  • This paper proposes a model based on a deep convolutional neural network to classify apple cultivars using leaf image input

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Summary

Introduction

The apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) originated in Europe, Asia, and North America [1,2,3]. The global apple demand is increasing at a robust pace, driven mainly by the increase in its daily consumption as a fresh fruit and its use in medicine and the cosmetic industry as an essential ingredient. As it is affordable and has longstanding associations with healthy lifestyles, its processed products such as juice, vinegar, cider, and jam are in extremely high demand throughout the year, especially in America, Europe, Russia, and Egypt [6]. The breakthrough application of the convolutional neural network in image-based recognition has inspired its wide use in studies on plant classification and recognition in precision agriculture

Related Works
Plant Materials and Method
Acquisition of Sufficient Apple Cultivar Leaf Images
Software and Computing Environment
Generation of the Deep Convolutional
Specific Parameters of the DCNN-Based Model in This Study
Ten-Fold Cross-Validation
Accuracy and Loss
Accuracy on an Independent and Identically Distributed Testing Dataset
Test for the General Error of the DCNN-Based Model on an Unknown Testing Set
Evaluation of Classification Performance in Each Cultivar
Conclusions

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