A novel high impedance fault detection in the micro-grid system by the summation of accumulated difference of residual voltage method and fault event classification using discrete wavelet transforms and a decision tree approach

Abstract

Conventional overcurrent protective relay is unable to detect high impedance faults (HIFs) in the micro-grid system owing to the reduced levels of fault magnitude. In this paper, numerous fault detection methods are discussed for developing a technique to identify HIFs, and also three steps approach of summation of accumulated difference of residual voltage, discrete wavelet transform (DWT), and decision tree(DT) approach has been used to detect and classify the fault. It also differentiates the faulty events from the various non-faulty ones such as switching of generators, capacitors, loads, etc. The residual voltage is used for the extraction of wavelet coefficients by DWT and fed to a DT classifier for fault event classification and confusion matrix created to view the accuracy. After classification, the predicted fault and the actual fault are obtained subsequently by training the data is 99.5% true positive rate and 0.5% false-negative rate. Similarly, this approach is also applied for faulty zone and non-faulty zone classification. The accuracy of the technique is analyzed with other classifiers like support vector machine(SVM), k-nearest neighbor(KNN), and ensemble classifiers. The DT classifier yields more accurate results compared to other classifiers. The proposed method performance is further evaluated by taking different performance indicators such as precision, recall, and F-measure. The proposed technique gives an overall accuracy of 99.95%, precision index of 100%, recall index of 99.9%, and F-measure index of 99.94% as compared to other classifiers under normal operation. The proposed method is also validated with unbalanced loading, varying DG parameters, varying distribution line length, and the addition of noise in the signal. To implement and demonstrate this method, a 5 bus micro-grid system integrated with a wind turbine-based system(WTS) generator is simulated using Power System Computer-Aided Design (PSCAD) software.