Abstract
Safety is one of the central elements of society functioning. The eSafety aims at increasing road safety through the use of intelligent integrated safety systems. This article presents the concept and PCB implementation of an on-board compact eCall device that can be installed at the owners' request in a used vehicle. The prototype includes accident and rollover detection, passenger detection, and GSM communication with the eCall PSAP service center. Two accident detection algorithms are implemented: the first relates to the collision detection based on exceeding the threshold of acceleration using an accelerometer to measure the dynamic force caused by movement and the gravity force, the second - the rollover detection based on exceeding the threshold of the vehicle angle of inclination using data coming from the accelerometer and a gyroscope. The prototype was tested in eight different test scenarios using laboratory accident simulators as well as during driving. The proposed solution of passenger detection is based on images coming from a built-in 360° view camera. In the authors' approach the obtained images were transformed into linear ones and subject to subsequent operations - initial processing, object detection and redundant detection filtering. The authors utilize biometric methods in object detection such as Viola-Jones and Single Shot MultiBox Detector for face localization, and You Look Only Once for whole body detection. An additional testing mechanism for passenger detection are seat pressure pads that are independent of camera detection. All necessary sensors and communication components verified by practical experiments have been integrated on the custom designed motherboard with the NVIDIA Jetson Nano processing module installed. The tests confirmed the performance is sufficient for rapid accident detection, real-time image analysis and all mandatory eCall communication functions. Results of experiments were promising, providing high accident and passenger detection rates.
Highlights
In transport the most important and relevant should be human health and passenger safety
In our work we focused on two solutions due to their relatively high accuracy and low processing time in test mode: You Only Look Once (YOLO) method [32] and The Single Shot Detection (SSD) algorithm [33]
The authors described accident detection algorithms using various sensors and developed laboratory model based on H3LIS331 and IMU LSM6DS3
Summary
In transport the most important and relevant should be human health and passenger safety. In case of serious road accident the device installed in vehicle automatically dials 112 and sends a 160 bytes package containing basic information about vehicle and accident location to Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP) This package, called Minimum Set of Data (MSD) [8], can include other information previously gathered by specialized sensors installed inside the car. It is crucial to develop decision mechanism, which can analyze information gathered with the use of sensors and generate information (MSD) about accident that is sent to PSAP Such algorithms are used in newer cars for airbags and air curtains systems, they cannot be directly used for eCall system. The expected outcome are algorithms that can be used to determine with a high accuracy if accident occurred in immense number of circumstances
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