Abstract
In mobile opportunistic networks (MONs), a large number of intelligent devices carried by moving people can conduct message transmission without the support of communication infrastructures. Routing is one of the concerning and challenging research hotspots in MONs because of nodes’ mobility, intermittent connectivity, limited nodes’ energy, and the dynamic changing quality of the wireless channel. However, only one or several of the above factors are considered in most current routing methods. Moreover, owing to the high mobility of nodes, it is particularly important to decide the time when to make the forwarding decision and which nodes can be selected as the relay nodes. Additionally, due to the dynamic changing quality of the wireless channel, the predetermined relay nodes for the next hop may not receive the message. In this paper, we propose a novel energy-efficient probabilistic routing method for MONs, in which energy and mobility of nodes and the quality of wireless channel are all taken into account. Firstly, we explore the regularity of nodes’ mobility and the encounter probability among nodes to decide the time when to forward messages to other nodes. Secondly, by maintaining the energy fairness among nodes, the network lifetime can be prolonged. Thirdly, by fully taking the dynamic changing quality of the wireless channel into consideration, the retransmission number of messages can be effectively reduced. Additionally, we adopt a forwarding authority transfer policy for each message, which can effectively control the number of replicas for each message. The extensive simulation results show that the proposed method outperforms the existing routing algorithms in terms of the delivery ratio and the overhead ratio.
Highlights
At present, with the rapid development of wireless communication technology and the widespread popularity of mobile intelligent devices such as smart phones and tablets, mobile intelligent devices based opportunistic networks, especially the mobile opportunistic networks (MONs), have been rapidly popularized and applied [7, 23, 26, 28]
We presented NEEP, a novel energy-efficient probabilistic routing method for MONs, including the network initialization phase and the routing phase
By exploring the regularity of nodes’ mobility and the encounter relationship among nodes, some useful encounter information can be collected during the initialization phase
Summary
With the rapid development of wireless communication technology and the widespread popularity of mobile intelligent devices such as smart phones and tablets, mobile intelligent devices based opportunistic networks, especially the mobile opportunistic networks (MONs), have been rapidly popularized and applied [7, 23, 26, 28]. Ma et al [14] proposed an energy-efficient routing protocol for mobile opportunistic network, in which both the sociality of nodes and the dynamic changes of nodes’ energy were considered when selecting relay nodes. Lindgren et al [13] proposed a prophet algorithm, in which a node only replicated a message to the nodes with a higher delivery probability to the message’s destination node than itself, these four routing methods can achieve a competitive performance. We propose a novel energy-efficient probabilistic routing method with a comprehensive consideration of nodes’ energy, the influence of the wireless channel quality, and the mobility of nodes. The energy resource that each node consumes in the mobile opportunistic networks mainly exists in the following three aspects: scanning channel for contact detection, communication for transmitting, and receiving messages respectively. The detailed implementation of the proposed NEEP method will be introduced based on the accumulated information
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