Abstract
With the penetration of grid-connected renewable energy generation, microgrids are facing stability and power quality problems caused by renewable intermittency. To alleviate such problems, demand side management (DSM) of responsive loads, such as building air-conditioning system (BACS), has been proposed and studied. In recent years, numerous control approaches have been published for proper management of single BACS. The majority of these approaches focus on either the control of BACS for attenuating power fluctuations in the grid or the operating cost minimization on behalf of the residents. These two control objectives are paramount for BACS control in microgrids and can be conflicting. As such, they should be considered together in control design. As individual buildings may have different owners/residents, it is natural to control different BACSs in an autonomous and self-interested manner to minimize the operational costs for the owners/residents. Unfortunately, such “selfish” operation can result in abrupt and large power fluctuations at the point of common coupling (PCC) of the microgrid due to lack of coordination. Consequently, the original objective of mitigating power fluctuations generated by renewable intermittency cannot be achieved. To minimize the operating costs of individual BACSs and simultaneously ensure desirable overall power flow at PCC, this paper proposes a novel distributed control framework based on the dissipativity theory. The proposed method achieves the objective of renewable intermittency mitigation through proper coordination of distributed BACS controllers and is scalable and computationally efficient. Simulation studies are carried out to illustrate the efficacy of the proposed control framework.
Highlights
IntroductionElectricity generation by using renewable energy resources, such as solar energy, becomes increasingly popular due to its capability of saving fossil fuels and reducing emissions
In the past decade, electricity generation by using renewable energy resources, such as solar energy, becomes increasingly popular due to its capability of saving fossil fuels and reducing emissions.As a result, the number of grid-connected solar generation (SG) plants rises rapidly
It should be pointed out that the control framework to be presented in Section 4 can be applied with any building thermal model, including those more detailed models that consider the dynamics of each individual thermal zone
Summary
Electricity generation by using renewable energy resources, such as solar energy, becomes increasingly popular due to its capability of saving fossil fuels and reducing emissions. In [15,16,17], researchers proposed other model based control methods to manipulate the aggregated demand of BACSs to compensate for the power fluctuations caused by SG units These methods essentially increase the operating reserve of electric grids. To study general situations in microgrids, dynamic electricity prices are employed in this paper for energy trading of distributed buildings with SGs and BACSs. Theoretically, dynamic prices are based on the current and predicted power supply/demand information that is available in the commonly used day-ahead market. A novel distributed economic MPC approach for BACS in microgrids is developed, based on the dissipativity theory This approach allows individual BACS MPCs to minimize their own operational costs while attenuating the fluctuations of the total power demand and ensure microgrid level stability.
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