A novel diagnostic in situ derivatization kit for the simultaneous determination of 14 biomarkers of exposure to benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylenes in human urine by isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and kit optimization using response surface methodology

Abstract

Metabolite profiling can be used as a diagnostic measure for both short and long term co-exposure by individuals to benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX). A novel one pot derivatization in situ kit (OPDISK) was developed and optimized using a multivariate approach based on central composite design. The OPDISK was designed to simultaneously derivatize, in a urine sample matrix, a series of fourteen carboxylic acid and phenol-bearing urinary metabolites of BTEX to enhance their chromatographic analysis and sensitivity for detection by liquid chromatography – electrospray ionization – tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Using the reagent kit, the less responsive functional units on the molecules were converted to permanently positively-charged functional units. The kit was composed of three components, 2-fluoro-1-methylpyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (FMP), 3-carbinol-1-methylpyridinium iodide (CMP) and triethylamine (TEA) as a basic catalyst and, only after diluting a urine sample 20 fold with acetonitrile, was applied under mild conditions of room temperature and short reaction time of 20 min. The derivatized biomarkers were then directly analyzed using isotope dilution LC-ESI-MS/MS. The method was sensitive (limit of detection on column ranged from 1.4 pg to 3.1 ng), accurate (mean accuracy from 85% to 114%), and precise (mean coefficient of variation from 1% to 14%). The method results indicated a good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.990) for all metabolites. ClinChek® urine control samples were used successfully to demonstrate the accuracy of the method.