Abstract
The lactate threshold (LT1), which is defined as the first rise in lactate concentration during incremental exercise, has not been non-invasively and conveniently determined in a clinical setting. We aimed to visualize changes in lactate concentration in sweat during exercise using our wearable lactate sensor and investigate the relationship between the lactate threshold (LT1) and ventilatory threshold (VT1). Twenty-three healthy subjects and 42 patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) were enrolled. During exercise, the dynamic changes in lactate values in sweat were visualized in real-time with a sharp continuous increase up to volitional exhaustion and a gradual decrease during the recovery period. The LT1 in sweat was well correlated with the LT1 in blood and the VT1 (r = 0.92 and 0.71, respectively). In addition, the Bland–Altman plot described no bias between the mean values (mean differences: − 4.5 and 2.5 W, respectively). Continuous monitoring of lactate concentrations during exercise can provide additional information for detecting the VT1.
Highlights
We have developed an innovative device in which sweat lactate may be monitored in a continuous, convenient, and non-invasive manner
We hypothesized that this device could be applied in clinical practice and successfully detected the lactate threshold (LT1) which is the first rise of lactate concentration during incremental exercise
We aimed to investigate whether a usable device in the clinical setting would enable the continuous monitoring of sweat lactate during incremental exercise
Summary
The application of continuous lactate monitoring systems using wearable lactate sensors could influence exercise therapy in patients with CVD in clinical practice. These devices have not yet been applied in clinical practice, which might be due to unsuccessful miniaturization of devices and an operation that is easy to use, the inappropriate degree of accuracy as a medical device, or high cost. We have developed an innovative device in which sweat lactate may be monitored in a continuous, convenient, and non-invasive manner We hypothesized that this device could be applied in clinical practice and successfully detected the lactate threshold (LT1) which is the first rise of lactate concentration during incremental exercise. We elucidated the relationship among the lactate threshold in sweat (sLT), blood (bLT), and VT1 in healthy subjects and patients with CVD
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